Answer:
D Flow of protons across an electrochemical gradient
Explanation:
The chloroplast adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase uses the electrochemical proton gradient generated by photosynthesis to produce ATP, the energy currency of all cells. Protons conducted through the membrane-embedded Fo motor drive ATP synthesis in the F1 head by rotary catalysis.
In chloroplasts, photosynthetic electron transport generates a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane which then drives ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.
The light-induced electron transfer in photosynthesis drives protons into the thylakoid lumen. The excess protons flow out of the lumen through ATP synthase to generate ATP in the stroma.
Majority of ATP is produced by OXIDATION PHOSPHORYLATION. The generation of ATP by oxidation phosphorylation differs from the way ATP is produced during glycolysis.
Electrons are passed from one member of the transport chain to another in a series of redox reactions. Energy released in these reactions is captured as a proton gradient, which is then used to make ATP in a process called chemiosmosis.
<span>The two main sources that lead to increased genetic variation are:
</span>1. Gamete mutations
2. Recombination.
Gamete mutations:
Gametic mutations are the mutations that occur in germline cells (sperm and egg). Due to this, the mutations are able to be passed on from one generation to another. One of the most famous gametic mutations<span> is hemophilia.
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Recombination:
Genetic recombination is the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.
Answer:
The electrical impulse travels from the sinus node to the atrioventricular node (also called AV node). There, impulses are slowed down for a very short period, then continue down the conduction pathway via the bundle of His into the ventricles.
Some of the advantages of this is you get to have more control of the event that transpire as well as being able to study and observe said events closer. a Disadvantage would be that you're not able to the real thing as in what would actually happen naturally for example if you set up an aquarium it may have a negative affect on the fish or the fish may act a different way in the smaller space as it wouldn't be used to it.
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Answer Migration, in turn, covers both immigration and emigration. Another key difference is, immigration is permanent while migration doesn’t have to be. People who travel and stay in a country for a few months — for instance, because of a seasonal job they have — are also called migrants.
Explanation:
