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lana66690 [7]
3 years ago
9

Suppose you are trying to identify an unknown bacterial species. You perform a Gram stain and the slide is a blue/purple color w

hen you are finished. Are the bacteria gram-positive or gram-negative?
Biology
1 answer:
mixas84 [53]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

IN GRAMS stain bacteria having blue /purple colour are <u>GRAM positive</u><u> </u>bacteria.

Explanation:

GRAM staining is the technique to differentiate bacteria on the basis of stain. In this procedure bacterial cells with blue/purple colour are Gram positive and cells with pink colour are Gram negative.

                                            PROCEDURE

  • In the first step cells are stained with crystal violet dye which is blue in color.
  • Then Grams iodine solution is added, it forms a complex between dye and iodine. This complex is insoluble in water.
  • Next step is addition of ethyl alcohol as a decolorizing agent. It shrinks the peptidoglycan layer by dehydrating it. In gram negative bacteria on the treatment of alcohol this complex( crystal violet- iodine complex) comes out from the outer membrane because of thin peptidoglycan layer. Gram negative bacteria lost color and decolorized. While in Gram positive bacteria because of thick peptidoglycan ,crystal violet-iodine complex trapped in the membrane. And cells don't give violet color of dye.
  • After this a counterstain safranine is used, which can not color the stained Gram positive bacteria. Gram negative decolorized bacteria stain pink with safranine.

 

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What are viable explanations for the consistent observation of a few black mice on the island?
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They undergone genetic mutation that influenced their fur color.

Mutations result either from accidents during the normal chemical transactions of DNA, often during replication, or from exposure to high-energy electromagnetic radiation (e.g., ultraviolet light or X-rays) or particle radiation or to highly reactive chemicals in the environment. Mutation can be of 4 types Germline mutations occur in gametes. Somatic mutations occur in other body cells. Chromosomal alterations are mutations that change chromosome structure. Point mutations change a single nucleotide. Frameshift mutations are additions or deletions of nucleotides that cause a shift in the reading frame. Factor that influenced  mutation are the size of the gene, its base composition, its position in the genome, and whether or not it is being actively transcribed influence its mutation rate.

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Answer:

When a genetic disorder is diagnosed in a family, family members often want to know the likelihood that they or their children will develop the condition. This can be difficult to predict in some cases because many factors influence a person's chances of developing a genetic condition. One important factor is how the condition is inherited. For example:

Autosomal dominant inheritance: A person affected by an autosomal dominant disorder has a 50 percent chance of passing the mutated gene to each child. The chance that a child will not inherit the mutated gene is also 50 percent. However, in some cases an autosomal dominant disorder results from a new (de novo) mutation that occurs during the formation of egg or sperm cells or early in embryonic development. In these cases, the child's parents are unaffected, but the child may pass on the condition to his or her own children.

Autosomal recessive inheritance: Two unaffected people who each carry one copy of the mutated gene for an autosomal recessive disorder (carriers) have a 25 percent chance with each pregnancy of having a child affected by the disorder. The chance with each pregnancy of having an unaffected child who is a carrier of the disorder is 50 percent, and the chance that a child will not have the disorder and will not be a carrier is 25 percent.

X-linked dominant inheritance: The chance of passing on an X-linked dominant condition differs between men and women because men have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, while women have two X chromosomes. A man passes on his Y chromosome to all of his sons and his X chromosome to all of his daughters. Therefore, the sons of a man with an X-linked dominant disorder will not be affected, but all of his daughters will inherit the condition. A woman passes on one or the other of her X chromosomes to each child. Therefore, a woman with an X-linked dominant disorder has a 50 percent chance of having an affected daughter or son with each pregnancy.

X-linked recessive inheritance: Because of the difference in sex chromosomes, the probability of passing on an X-linked recessive disorder also differs between men and women. The sons of a man with an X-linked recessive disorder will not be affected, and his daughters will carry one copy of the mutated gene. With each pregnancy, a woman who carries an X-linked recessive disorder has a 50 percent chance of having sons who are affected and a 50 percent chance of having daughters who carry one copy of the mutated gene.

Y-linked inheritance: Because only males have a Y chromosome, only males can be affected by and pass on Y-linked disorders. All sons of a man with a Y-linked disorder will inherit the condition from their father.

Codominant inheritance: In codominant inheritance, each parent contributes a different version of a particular gene, and both versions influence the resulting genetic trait. The chance of developing a genetic condition with codominant inheritance, and the characteristic features of that condition, depend on which versions of the gene are passed from parents to their child.

Mitochondrial inheritance: Mitochondria, which are the energy-producing centers inside cells, each contain a small amount of DNA. Disorders with mitochondrial inheritance result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA. Although these disorders can affect both males and females, only females can pass mutations in mitochondrial DNA to their children. A woman with a disorder caused by changes in mitochondrial DNA will pass the mutation to all of her daughters and sons, but the children of a man with such a disorder will not inherit the mutation.

It is important to note that the chance of passing on a genetic condition applies equally to each pregnancy. For example, if a couple has a child with an autosomal recessive disorder, the chance of having another child with the disorder is still 25 percent (or 1 in 4). Having one child with a disorder does not “protect” future children from inheriting the condition. Conversely, having a child without the condition does not mean that future children will definitely be affected.

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Estimating the chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder can be complex. Genetics professionals can help people understand these chances and help them make informed decisions about their health.

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gizmo_the_mogwai [7]
According to given information,
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Displacement = 4 m

So, Distance - Displacement = 16 - 4 = 12 m

So, your final answer is 12 m.

Hope this helps!
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