Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
Aerobic cellular respiration uses O2 to break down glucose molecules into Adenonsine Triphosphate. So yes?
Answer:
Meiosis
Explanation:
Meiosis is one of the two types of divisions that cells usually undergo. However, meiosis is unique to sexually-reproducing organisms. Meiosis is the cell division which results in daughter cells with a reduced number of chromosomes (by half). Meiosis is used to produce gametes in sexually reproducing organisms.
According to the question, Labrador retriever contains 78 chromosomes in each of its muscle cells, which is a somatic cell. Since Labrador retrievers are sexually reproducing organisms, a male one will produce gametes (sperm cells) via the process of meiosis. At the end of the meiotic process, sperm cells with 39 chromosomes each will be produced.
