Answer:
The various steps in the transcription and translation process of protein synthesis are described below.
Explanation:
Proteins (made up of amino acids) have an important role in the various functioning process of an organism. Protein synthesis which takes place in the cells of an organism consists of two major processes: transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).
Transcription: It is the first process in protein synthesis which occurs in the cell nucleus where a single-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA) is created using a DNA strand and the genetic instructions in DNA are transferred to this mRNA. The steps in transcription are initiation, elongation, and termination. The beginning process known as initiation occurs when an enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a promoter (region of a gene) and the DNA unwinds. One of the DNA strands acts as a template and the enzyme reads the bases in the template DNA strand.
The next step is elongation, where the RNA polymerase builds a strand of mRNA by the addition of nucleotides using complementary base pairs. Here, adenine (A) in the DNA binds to uracil (U) in the RNA. Termination is the last step in which the transcription process ends when the RNA polymerase comes across a termination sequence in the gene. Thus, the completed single-stranded mRNA detaches from DNA.
Translation: It is the second process in protein synthesis which occurs in the ribosome of the cell where the genetic information in mRNA is used to create a protein from amino acids. A triplet of nucleotides is called a codon and they define amino acids. There are 64 possible codons and the codon, AUG acts as the start codon which initiates translation in addition to specifying the amino acid methionine. In the initiation step, the first amino acid in the polypeptide chain is brought by transfer RNAs (tRNAs) to bind to the start codon of mRNA. During elongation, each type of tRNAs in the cytoplasm bound to a specific codon on the mRNA template and adds the corresponding amino acid to the polypeptide chain. Stop codons (UAA, UAG, or UGA) terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide.
"Leydig Cells" secretes & synthesize androgens such as testosterone
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Answer:
La segunda exposición desencadena la fase de 'respuesta' asociada a la reacción alérgica
Explanation:
La alergia se puede considerar como una respuesta desmedida del sistema inmune cuando un individuo entra en contacto con ciertas sustancias que son inocuas para la mayoría de la población, pero que en personas alérgicas desencadenan fuertes reacciones de hipersensibilidad. La alergia tiene dos fases conocidas como fase de sensibilización y fase de respuesta. La primera fase de sensibilización es donde el individuo entra en contacto con los 'antígenos' del alérgeno, lo cual provoca que el individuo genere anticuerpos IgE los cuales combaten al alérgeno (el sistema inmune considera que esta sustancia es potencialmente dañina), mediante la generación de anticuerpos de IgE que se unen a receptores de células del sistema inmune (eosinófilos, basófilos y mastocitos). La segunda fase de respuesta se produce cuando el individuo entra de nuevo en contacto con el alérgeno. Durante el segundo contacto, los antígenos del alérgeno interactúan con anticuerpos específicos de IgE que se encuentran sobre la superficie de células del sistema inmune, desencadenando la degranulación de estas células (mastocitos) y la consecuente liberación de mediadores químicos de la alergia tales como, por ejemplo, histamina, los cuales son responsable de los síntomas típicos de la alergia (tos, estornudos, picor, enrojecimiento de ojos, urticaria, inflamación, etc.).
Flooded an mushy like mushrooms
