The information given about taste and the tongue is explained below.
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How to explain the tongue?</h3>
The food enters the mouth passing the <u>TOT (tip) </u>of the tongue. It is moved around by the motion of the tongue and teeth as the food is chewed. Its movement is facilitated by the<u> taste buds</u> on the tongue which are jagged, aiding in their ability to move food.
<u>Fungiform papillae </u>on the <u>side</u> of the tongue and<u> filiform papillae</u> located on the dorsal surface of the tongue come in contact with the <u>tastant</u>.
Both types of papillae have<u> taste buds</u> that have receptors for individual tastes -sweet, sour, salty umami (savory), and bitter. Once a tastant is bound to the receptor it creates a signal that travels through one of the three carnival nerves depending on the location of the taste buds. For taste buds located on the front of the tongue, the signal travels through the <u>facial nerve</u>.
For taste buds located in the middle of the back of the tongue, signals travel through the <u>glossopharyngeal nerve</u>. The signals travel to the nucleus of the solitary tract of the brainstem, where they are relayed to the thalamus for higher processing.
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Answer:
The sodium channel have refractory period.
Explanation:
Action potential are generated at axon hillock of neuron and travel across the neuron in response to stimuli. For the the generation of action potential the steps are stimulus, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization and resting state.
So the first step for action potential after stimulus is depolarization. Depolarization requires the opening of sodium channels to make the inside of neuronal membrane positive. These sodium channels have refractory period. They cannot open immediately after activation. So the sodium channels of one direction in neuron (upstream) become refractory and it is convenent to open the sodium channels of other direction (downstream) of neuron. That why action potential is transmitted in one direction.
It is like the gunpowder placed at a line the fire cannot go back in burnt gun powder direction.
Genetic variation enables bacteria to adapt to changes in their environment. Since, bacteria reproduce asexually (binary fission), they can share genes (genetic transfer) via other mechanisms such as conjugation (exchange of genetic material through direct contact between two bacteria), transformation, and transduction(exchange of genetic material via bacteriophages).
Transformation is a process by which bacteria takes in DNA from its environment through the cell membrane.
Answer:
A. DNA--->mRNA--->tRNA--->protein
Explanation:
This is the central dogma of life where it goes from DNA to mRNA via transcription. From mRNA to a protein via translation. tRNA is part of translation which helps to make the protein.
