Answer:
The microbes thriving in acidic environments are termed as acidophiles, and these range from eukaryotes to bacteria and archaea, which are mainly found in diverse acidic surroundings like sulfuric geysers and pools, in the human stomach, and in the regions that get polluted by acid mine drainage.
The mentioned case is not entirely correct as the protons found in the acidic surroundings are not utilized for the generation of ATP as they are not originating from within the cell. In order to sustain their internal acidic pH, the acidophiles exhibit adaptations like the presence of the negatively charged proteins on the surfaces of their membranes so that they can prevent deterioration due to acidic surroundings.
Answer:
II. Coding and noncoding segments of the molecule
Explanation:
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Answer/Explanation:
DNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for replicating DNA. It is hugely important that is performs its functions accurately, as if incorrect bases are incorporated this can lead to mutations that disrupt the structure and function of genes. It adds nucleotides in a 5' - 3' direction only.
DNA polymerase III also has high processivity, which means that for every time it binds DNA, it is able to add many bases before it becomes dissociated.
A. DNA polymerase avoids the incorporation of improperly paired nucleotides in two ways:
- The first way depends on the structure of the enzyme. If the nucleotide that the enzyme is in the process of adding is not complementary to the template, then the nucleotide will not align with the template, and thus it is more inefficient to add. This inefficiency means the nucleotide is more likely to leave the active site before it is added, and DNA polymerase can replace it with the correct nucleotide.
- It also has proofreading capabilities. This means, when an incorrect base is added, it recognises the error and can fix this. It can do this because it possesses 3'-5' exonuclease activity. That means, it can chop out incorrectly added bases.
B. Ribonucleotides are the nucleotides that are incorporated into a growing RNA molecule. They are different from deoxyribonucleotides because of the differences in the sugar backbone (ribose vs deoxyribose). Their incorporation would disrupt the structure and function of the DNA, leading to problems with transcription and replication.
DNA polymerase avoids incorporating these nucleotides primarily because of the structure of the enzyme. Ribonucleotides cannot fit into the active site of DNA polymerase due to what is called a "steric filter" or "steric gate". This gate/filter function is performed by specific amino acid residues which usually have a bulky side chain and thus block the incorporation of the 2'OH of the ribose sugar (which is lacking in the deoxyribose sugar)
Answer: The genotype ratio is 2Ff : 2ff
The phenotype ratio is two normal feathered birds to two silky feathered birds.
Explanation: Let F represent the gene for normal feather and f represent the gene for silky feather. F is dominant while f is recessive, therefore a male that is hybrid for trait of normal feather is heterozygous and will have a genotype of Ff, a female that is homozygous for silky feather will have a genotype of ff.
A cross between Ff and ff will yield 2Ff birds and 2ff birds. Since F is dominant, a bird having genotype of Ff will manifest outwardly as blue feathered birds while ff will manifest outwardly as silky feathered birds because f is recessive and must occur in a homozygous condition in order to manifest phenotypically. Therefore, the genotype ratio is 2Ff: 2ff.
See the punnett square attached for more information
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE INHERITANCE:
<span>5. In Andalusian fowl, B is the gene for black plumage (head feathers) and B' (pronounced "B prime") is the gene for white plumage. These genes, however, show incomplete dominance. The heterozygous (BB') condition results in blue plumage. List the genotypic and phenotypic ratios expected from the following crosses: a) black x blue b) blue x blue c) blue x white</span>
<span>6. </span><span>In snapdragons, petal color is determined by a single gene locus with two alleles making the "red" allele (R) incompletely dominant to the "white" allele (r). Heterozygotes have petals, which are neither red nor white, but pink. a) If a true-breeding red flower is pollinated with pollen from a white flower: What fraction of the seeds (F1 generation) would be expected to produce red-flowered plants? What fraction of the gametes produced by the F1 plants would be expected to bear the R allele? b) If two pink flowered plants are crossed, what genotypic and phenotypic ratios are expected among the offspring (F1 generation)?</span>
