Answer:eh the black death it was infecting peeps around the 1500's.it was originally spread by rats and fleas but after people got infected the black death or bubonic plague got transmitted by people.
Explanation:eh by history
Answer:
- The size of the plasmid can be up to 200kbp, you can blast the sequence to determine which plasmid it is and what is its length. This way you can subtract the length from the total length of the plasmid to calculate the length of the foreign DNA insert.
- The enzymes EcoRI and BamHI produce 'sticky ends'. This means that the single stranded ends at the terminal can be joined due to complementary bases.
- The enzyme is known as DNA ligase, it works by forming a bond between the phosphate group on one strand and the deoxyribose group on the strand it is being joined with.
Hope that answers the question, have a great day!
Answer:
Okay so the answer can vary because it is based on what you said your hypothesis was, so there really isn't an incorrect answer.
Your hypothesis was correct. In Idaho the fossil was in layer d, meaning that during this time there were dinosaurs in this area and most likely in other areas such as Spain as well. Based on how sediments work, which is to say that the oldest is on the bottom and youngest on the top, dinosaurs who died in different areas should have their fossils in roughly the same area as each other (so around layer k in spain). Levels of sediment wouldn't be drastically different in different areas. Dinosaurs didn't exist far before layer d and k. We can tell this because there are no fossils in the lower layers, which is the sediment that collect before the dinosaurs in layer d died.
Let me know if this makes sense, if it answers your question, and if there is something that I need to clarify
Answer:
Option A, option B. Option A and B are specific to retroviruses, although option c and d are also true, they are not specific only to retroviruses.
Explanation:
Retrovirus is a type of virus that uses RNA as its genetic material. After infecting a cell, a retrovirus uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA into DNA. The retrovirus then integrates its viral DNA into the DNA of the host cell, which allows the retrovirus to replicate.
Flu vaccines need to be revised and changed every year because the flu virus constantly mutates. Flu viruses can change in two ways: drift or shift. Antigenic drift occurs when genes of the virus slowly change during replication until the immune system no longer recognizes it. On the other hand, antigenic shift occurs when a major change in the virus happens. This usually leads to a totally different kind of virus. This is what happened during the H1N1 scare in 2009.
DNA viruses like mumps are less prone to mutation due to the presence of DNA polymerase. RNA viruses are more prone to mutation because they undergo reverse transcription to simulate the role of DNA.
