It is a convection. A convection is when there is a natural current to keep the hot and cold water flowing to make an even boil.
With its first three words "We the PEOPLE..."
One of the reasons so many in the Old World thought that the USA was destined for failure was because they could not comprehend of a sustainable system where the People and the State were one in the same. The Old World construct was built on the notion that there should be a State, with a select few deemed its managers and the rest deemed its subjects.
Washington has been the federal capital of the United States since 1800. Each U.S. state has its own capital city, as do many of its insular areas.
I think that solitary confinement is not a cruel and unusual punishment because it keeps some other prisoners safe from them and prevents them from harming them or others.