Answer:

Step-by-step explanation:
By definition, we can write ln instead of log. WHEN??
Whenever the base of the logarithm is the number "e".
Hence, when we have:

We can write it in shortcut as:

Hence, ln x can also be written as 
Fourth answer choice is right.
Answer:
the bottom section
Step-by-step explanation:
cause
2 units left would make it be 0,3 and a rotation of 90 degrees counterclockwise about the origin would make it -3,0
Answer:
the increase is by 2
Step-by-step explanation:
You can add 17 plus 2 or subtract 17 from 19.