There are 2 stages in photosynthesis
light stage and dark stage
light stage takes placein the grana because there's presence of chlorophyll. 2 reactions take place here.
1. photolysis of water where water molecules are split into hydrogen ions and oxygen gas in presence of chlorophyll and oxygen gas. the oxygen gas is released into the atmosphere but hydrogen ions are used in dark stage.
2. formation of adenosine triphosphate which is formed by combination of adenosine diphosphate and an inorganic phosphate in presence of light. this adenosine triphosphate is also used in dark stage
dark stage is a light independent stage which takes place in the stroma. energy is provided by adenosine triphosphate formed in the light stage. this stage involves tge combination of carbon(iv)oxide and hydrogen ions to form a simple carbohydrate and a water molecule. this process is known as carbon(iv)oxide fixation which is the reduction of carbon(iv)oxideby hydrogen ions using adenosine triphosphate energy to form a simple carbohydrate.
This simple carbohydrate is changed to glucose for use in the plant or to starch for storage
Answer:
Explanation:
Dictionary def : the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
My def : the appearance/how it looks
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth's surface. When the Sun's energy reaches the Earth's atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases. The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth.
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Cocoa is the dried and fully fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which chocolate is made. "Cocoa" can often also refer to the drink commonly known as hot chocolate; cocoa powder, the dry powder made by grinding cocoa seeds and removing the cocoa butter from the dark, bitter cocoa solids; or it may refer to the combination of both cocoa powder and cocoa butter together
 
Beans inside the Pod Cocoa beans before roasting
Climate
Cocoa can be grown up to 300 m above mean sea level. It requires a minimum of 90-100 mm rainfall per month with an annual rainfall of 1500-2000 mm. The plants need equitable climate with well distributed rainfall. If dry periods are prolonged, irrigation scheduling is necessary. The temperature range of 15°-39°C with optimum of 25°C is considered ideal.
Soil
Cocoa requires deep and well drained soils. Poorly drained soil affects growth of plants. Majority of area under Cocoa cultivation is on clay loam and sandy loam soil. It grows well in the pH range of 6.5 to 7.0.
Shade requirement
Cocoa was evolved as an under-storey crop in the Amazonian forests. Thus commercial cultivation of cocoa can be taken up in plantations where 50 per cent of light is ideally available. In India, coconut and arecanut gardens are suited best for cultivating Cocoa. Under arecanut 30-50% of sunlight penetrates through their canopy which can be intercepted by cocoa.
Released varieties from CPCRI
Details of recently released varieties of cocoa
NC-45/53
 
Selection from Nigerian clone
Early, heavy bearer, self and cross compatible
Green (immature) to Yellow (ripe) color pods
Pods (no/tree/year) -75
Pod weight (g)- 321, Beans/ pod- 37, Single dry bean weight (g) - 1.05
Average dry bean yield (kg/tree/year) - 1.33
Potential yield (kg/tree/year) - 2.5
Yield kg/ha - 911
Fat content (%) - 52.5
Shelling percentage - 12
Recommended area - areca and coconut gardens of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
