A protein kinase that is specific to the amino acids serine and threonine is known as a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MAP kinase; also known as a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase).
<h3>Mitogen-activated protein kinase :</h3>
A small number of cell surface receptors can ultimately generate a large intracellular response due to activation of kinase cascades.
In order to trigger an appropriate physiological response, such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, development, inflammatory reactions, and death in mammalian cells, MAPK pathways relay, amplify, and integrate information from a variety of stimuli.
Tyrosine phosphorylation, specifically numerous tyrosines on each RTK in the dimer, is how cross-linking triggers the tyrosine kinase activity in these RTKs. The term "cross-phosphorylation" refers to this action.
The activation of a MAPKKKK or MAPKKK by stimulation of plasma membrane receptors is the initial stage of signal transduction. The MAPKKK then phosphorylates two serine or threonine residues in the S/T-X5-S/T (X is any amino acid) motif of its activation loop, activating a downstream MAPKK.
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SPJ4
After hundreds or even thousands of generations both alleles for sickle cell anemia are still common in those of African ancestry. This is supported by two mechanisms: heterozygote advantage and gene flow.
Heterozygote advantage
When an allele is said to be heterozygous, it is carrying one copy of a gene. For example if one carries a copy of sickle cell allele, it will stay in the population even after many generations — natural selection will not be able to remove it and it will be passed on through generations. So, having one copy of that allele is advantageous but not deleterious.
Gene flow
With humans migrating throughout the different parts of the world, sickle cell allele is passed from one person to another or in different populations. It is actually advantageous to have one copy of this allele especially if there’s malaria in the area, which the allele is resistant.
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