The answer is in a perfect competition profit is maximized when marginal cost equal marginal revenue and price is equal to average revenue and marginal revenue, while in monopolist profit is maximized when marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue.
Explanation:
The firm in a perfectly competitive market is a price taker,the price in the market is determined by the market forces of demand and supply. The firm has to sell their product at the ruling market price.The demand curve facing the firm in perfectly competitive market is horizontal or perfectly elastic, profit is therefore maximized when the marginal cost is equal to average revenue and marginal revenue. The firm in the market operate at the output level in which the price and marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. Whatever prices that change the market demand or supply will change the demand curve faced by the firm.The firm cannot do anything to this than to accept the market price and the demand curve.
In a monopoly the demand curve is identical to the demand curve of the firm, because industry demand curve is downward sloping.The monopolist can either set the price or quantity not the two.when one is determined the value of the other will be determined by the demand function. The profit maximization of the monopolist also requires that marginal cost must be equal to marginal revenue just like in the case of perfect completion.when the monopolist equates MR and MC the monopolist determines its output and the market price for the product. The revenue curve is steeper than the demand curve,because the straight line is the market demand. The firm will have to reduce The price of the product if they want to sell more of their product the unit of the product sold is the AR which is equal to the price.Therefore the AR curve of the monopolist and the perfect competition MR and AR are both identical that informed the reason why the marginal revenue curve is steeper than the demand curve for a single price monopolist.
Answer is Option 2: Life insurance proceeds received after the death of a spouse.
Explanation:
Life insurance proceeds are generally not taxable. They are paid after insurer's death. It would only be taxable if the policy was given to the spouse for a price. Even if proceeds are paid under accidental policy or health insurance policy, they are not taxable. Proceeds are always paid as a lump sum amount and not in installments.
Other given options, 1, 3 and 4 like reimbursement for medical expenses, taxable portion of a disaster relief payment and dividends exceeding net premiums paid are taxable.
The fact that German firms were nationalized has often been regarded as mere happenstance; meaning it just occurred based on the circumstances they were in immediately after World War II.
It thus encompasses several factors such as the cost of operations, changes in government, etc, not just one factor.
