Answer:
Exosomes as Therapeutic Target
Given the fact that elevated exosome levels are often correlated with greater severity of different types of cancer, reducing circulating exosomes to normal levels is one of therapeutic strategies to increase treatment efficacy. There are different approaches to modulate exosome production: 1) Inhibition of exosome formation: inhibit crucial proteins involved in exosome formation pathway; 2) Inhibition of exosome release: inhibit important regulators of exosome release process, increased intracellular Ca2+, change cellular microenvironmental pH; 3) Inhibition of exosome uptake: add proteinase for surface proteins on exosomes may serve as receptors for uptake pathways. In addition to control exosomes production, removal of exosomes from the entire circulatory system might be a novel strategy for cancer treatment.
Exosomes could also be used as cancer immunotherapy becasue tumor-derived exosomes carry antigens that is a great source of specific stimulus for the immune response against tumors. Both tumor-derived and dendritic cell-derived exosomes have showed capability to stimulate tumor antigen-specific responses in experimental animal models and human clinical trials.
Exosomes as Targeted Drug Delivery Vehicles
Exosomes became one of the most common methods applied in drug delivery system because of several advantages they have. Firstly, exosomes normally have a small size 40-100 nm, which is more homogenous compared to other microvesicles. This will lead them to evade rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte and enhances passage through fenestrations in the vessel wall. Secondly, due to their endogenous origin, they are less toxic for and better tolerated by the immune system. It facilitates them to avoid causing side effects that normally occur with synthetic nanoparticles. Additionally, the specific ligand or protein expressed on the exosome surface increases efficiency of cargo into the cytosol of the target cell, and therefore fewer off-target effects. Exosomes are generally found most useful as a drug delivery medium in cancer therapy, anti-inflammation and gene interference therapy such as transferring of miRNA.
There are different kinds of cargos encapsulated by exosomes, especially like siRNA or miRNA. The delivery of RNA is attracting because they are rapid degradation in cell circulation and have the limitation in passing through the membrane and in cellular uptake. Chemotherapeutics loaded into exosomes is also used for cancer therapy such as doxorubicin. In principle, there are four key components to achieve correct functionality and efficacy during exosomes drug delivery:1) Choosing the donor cell type to produce drug-carrying exosomes; 2) Using correspond methods to encapsulate the exosomes cargo; 3) Enhancing the specificity of cargo delivery by targeting peptides on the surface of the exosomes; 4) Administrating exosomes to target the area of disease.
Explanation:
https://www.creative-biostructure.com/exosome-applications-652.htm
Answer:
A particular atom will have the same number of protons and electrons and most atoms have at least as many neutrons as protons.
Explanation:
An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom. ... A compound is a substance made from two or more different elements that have been chemically joined.
The fish is the limiting factor because its population <u>determines the survival and availability of the grizzly bears.</u>
A limiting factor is resources(biotic or abiotic) that affects or determine the availabity and growth of an organism or group of an organism within an ecosystem.
The more fish it takes, the more the liver produces urea, and kidney tubules makes use of the urea in it tubules for urine formation in the loop of Henle. The urine formation and loss, leads to intake of water and the sequence continues.
This is an example of a biological limiting factor because the bear predate on the fish for survival and population.
If the population of the fish drops,( <u>the limiting facto</u>r) the bear drinks less water based on above, and therefore <u>disruptions of the ecosystem</u>.
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Answer:
Because Lumbricina ( Earthworm ) Is a living, breathing, animal
Explanation:
Answer:
50%
Explanation:
the front of the body is burned and, y'know I'm just right
