Answer:
a) Genes b and c are farthest apart.
Explanation:
Transformation occurs when a competent bacteria cell takes up genetic material from the environment. Usually a donor cell donates its gene fragment which is then incorporated into the chromosome or plasmid of recipient bacterial cell.
Cotransformation occurs when two genes are taken up together by the recipient. The closer the genes lie to each other, more are the chances of them being taken up together. Contransformation frequency will be higher if two genes are close to each other. Here, cotransformation frequencies between three genes are given. Amongst them, the lowest frequency is 0.0064% which is present between gene b and c. Hence, gene b and c are the farthest apart.
Answer:
Having considered how an appropriate primary immune response is mounted to pathogens in both the peripheral lymphoid system and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, we now turn to immunological memory, which is a feature of both compartments. Perhaps the most important consequence of an adaptive immune response is the establishment of a state of immunological memory. Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Memory responses, which are called secondary, tertiary, and so on, depending on the number of exposures to antigen, also differ qualitatively from primary responses. This is particularly clear in the case of the antibody response, where the characteristics of antibodies produced in secondary and subsequent responses are distinct from those produced in the primary response to the same antigen. Memory T-cell responses have been harder to study, but can also be distinguished from the responses of naive or effector T cells. The principal focus of this section will be the altered character of memory responses, although we will also discuss emerging explanations of how immunological memory persists after exposure to antigen. A long-standing debate about whether specific memory is maintained by distinct populations of long-lived memory cells that can persist without residual antigen, or by lymphocytes that are under perpetual stimulation by residual antigen, appears to have been settled in favor of the former hypothesis.
The Process in which pesticides are stored in body tissues is known as Bio-Accumulation.
When pesticides get into our body through eating food which is not go through the process of metabolism or which is not excreted, that is stored in fatty tissues of the body and as time passes we may build up high concentration of pesticides in our body. Pesticides are the chemical compounds used for killing pests, bacteria etc.
Answer:
Grey and White Matter.
Explanation:
When looking at an image of trasnverse section of the spinal cord the grey matter is almost butterfly shapped and it has the central canal in the middle. The white matter is surrounding the butterfly shaped, grey matter.
<span>One group is given a larger dosage than is typically prescribed.
A second group is given a smaller dosage than is typically prescribed
Then results of the groups are compared to each other.
The thing that is missing in this experimental design is a third group who are tested with the typical dosage.</span>
