290129028320832835 is the answer
Answer:
Problems with transfection efficiency or absence of essential mRNA modifications (capping and poly-A tail)
Explanation:
Translation is the process of protein synthesis from RNA in which the genetic information encoded in a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is translated into a protein sequence composed of amino acids. Translation has three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. During translation, different elements are required to initiate, continue and complete the process, which include essential molecules such as amino acids, mRNA, tRNAs, ribosomes, energy-carrying molecules (i.e., ATP, GTP), initiation factors (i.e., eIF1A, eIF3, etc) and elongation factors (eEF-2, EIF5A). For example, humans can't synthesize nine essential amino acids (i.e., threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, valine, methionine, leucine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine), thereby it is imperative to include these amino acids to synthesize proteins composed of them. On the other hand, it is also fundamental to take into account that the efficiency of transfection of the molecules required during translation, as well as the absence of modifications in the mature mRNA sequence, may alter the process in vitro.
While plants can produce their own energy using the process of photosynthesis, animals (and other organisms that can’t do photosynthesis) must eat to get energy from food molecules. Just like energy can be stored in the chemical bond between the second and third phosphate of an ATP molecule, energy can also be stored in the chemical bonds that make up food molecules. Most of the energy that we use comes from molecules of glucose, a simple sugar.
Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration because aerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is present and is then able to produce ATP as normal with a profit. However, anaerobic respiration has a lack of oxygen, which leads to either fertilization, only producing enough ATP to keep the cycle going and the cell surviving, (not creating any excess/profit ATP).
All the steps of GPCR signaling would be prevented in the presence of a beta-blocker drug.
<h3>What is Beta-blocker?</h3>
Beta-blocker may be defined as a kind of medication that chokes the activity of substances, such as adrenaline, on nerve cells and provokes blood vessels to relax and dilate.
Adrenergic receptors choke the attachment of catecholamine that is epinephrine to the G-protein. G-protein activates adenylyl cyclase which in turn activates protein kinase A.
But when the beta-blocker drug is subjected to this pathway, it blocks the attachment of the hormone to their receptors, hence none of the pathway or steps would be carried forward. This is because signaling is not initiated.
Therefore, all the steps of GPCR signaling would be prevented in the presence of a beta-blocker drug.
To learn more about GPCR signaling, refer to the link:
brainly.com/question/9882354
#SPJ1
