Answer:
Cell-mediated immunity develops through a network of interactions that results in defense against microorganisms that survive within phagocytes or other cells. The response is initiated by the recognition of intracellular microorganism antigen by T cells through the histocompatibility complex. In the CD8 response, only the target cell carrying the class I associated antigen can be lysed or induced to apoptosis. In another mechanism of the cellular response, CD4 + Th1 T cells activate, for example, cytokine-infected macrophages such as IFN. When a pathogen resists the effects of activated macrophages, chronic infection may develop.
The hormonal immunity response leads to the destruction of extracellular microorganisms and prevents or decreases the spread of intracellular cells by neutralizing, opsonizing and activating the complement system.
Answer:
Electron transport Chain (Oxidative phosphorylation)
Explanation:
Cellular respiration can be defined as the process that involves the breakdown of glucose molecules into CO2 and H2O to generate energy inform of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Also, cellular respiration usually takes place in the cells of an organism by converting biochemical energy present nutrients into Adenosine Triphosphate. Furthermore, it takes place in three stages which includes: glycolysis, TCA cycle and Electron transport (Oxidative phosphorylation). Thus, oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of aerobic cellular respiration that produces maximum ATPs.
Waves erode a beach by pressing continually against them, right? I have heard of this happening many times. What the people do is build a small trench around the outside of the beach so the waves filter down into it, then back out instead of washing up against the sand. The other thing they do is wait a couple years for the beach to go down, then they put in new sand during the winter.
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Answer:
The correct order, from fastest to slowest, for the passage of molecules and ions through the cell membrane is oxygen, sodium ions, glucose (option D).
Explanation:
The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer, with glycoproteins and membrane proteins, which constitutes a semi-permeable barrier to the passage of substances into and out of the cell.
The speed with which a substance can pass through the membrane depends on its chemical properties -hydrophilic substances pass through with greater difficulty than lipophilic ones- requiring in some cases specialized transport mechanisms. The different rates with which a substance passes depends on this.
- <em>Oxygen (O₂) </em><em>passes through simple diffusion, depending on a concentration gradient. It's the molecule that passes through the membrane the fastest.
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- <em>In second place, there would be the </em><em>Na⁺ ions</em><em> -charged atoms- that cross the membrane by facilitated diffusion, through specific ionic channels.
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- <em>The </em><em>glucose</em><em> molecule, being larger, requires the use of transport proteins, being its passage through the membrane slower with respect to oxygen or sodium.</em>
Undoubtedly, molecular weight and affinity for the plasma membrane are determining factors for the passage of molecules through the lipid bilayer.
Learn more:
Simple diffusion and active transport brainly.com/question/6420224
D. I think but I’m not 100% on that
