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In modern history, there are two phases of decolonization: first, an early stage in which Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas got their independence at the beginning of the 19th century. Second, after WWII, most British, French, Belgian, and other European power's colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East got their independence.
Through this process of decolonization, some countries were relatively more successful than others due to different variables and characteristics. Decolonization, in general terms, is a complex and violent process in which new nations are created. It involves the creation and imposition of nationalities based on ethnic and religious elements, one common language, the suppression of cultural and religious minorities. Moreover, many of the newly independent countries in Africa and the Middle East were established according to the borders created by the European colonizers, which did not have into account the local borders between ethnic groups and local cultures. Also, the fact that decolonization took place during the Cold War added more political conflict to this complex process, many new countries lied on one of the two sides of the global conflict. It would have been very difficult for leaders to prevent these problems before they happened for all these reasons. Gandhi tried to avoid an eventual conflict between Muslims and Hindus, but he could not and the division between India and Pakistan happened very soon
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By having a lot of supporters that spread their ideas and logics
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In recent years, Sunni–Shia relations have been increasingly marked by conflict, particularly the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict. Sectarian violence persists to this day from Pakistan to Yemen and is a major element of friction throughout the Middle East and South Asia.
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