Answer:
A.
Explanation:
before democracy existed and before constitutions existed
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The nullification crisis was a conflict between the U.S. state of South Carolina and the federal government of the United States in 1832–33. ... Calhoun, who opposed the federal imposition of the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 and argued that the U.S. Constitution gave states the right to block the enforcement of a federal law.
Answer:
In the Ottoman Empire, a millet (Turkish: [millet]) was an independent court of law pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim Sharia, Christian Canon law, or Jewish Halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws.
Despite frequently being referred to as a "system", before the nineteenth century the organization of what are now retrospectively called millets in the Ottoman Empire was not at all systematic. Rather, non-Muslims were simply given a significant degree of autonomy within their own community, without an overarching structure for the 'millet' as a whole. The notion of distinct millets corresponding to different religious communities within the empire would not emerge until the eighteenth century.[1] Subsequently, the existence of the millet system was justified through numerous foundation myths linking it back to the time of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror (r. 1451–81),[2] although it is now understood that no such system existed in the fifteenth century.[3]
During the 19th century rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire, as result of the Tanzimat reforms (1839–76), the term was used for legally protected ethno-linguistic minority groups, similar to the way other countries use the word nation. The word millet comes from the Arabic word millah (ملة) and literally means "nation".[3] The millet system has been called an example of pre-modern religious pluralism.[4]
Johann Strauss, author of "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-ı Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages", wrote that the term "seems to be so essential for the understanding of the Ottoman system and especially the status of non-Muslims".
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Ancient Greek-citizen soldiers who fought together in a phalanx were called Hoplites.
Hoplites were not professional soldiers but they comprised the bulk of ancient Greek armies of the time. They were mostly represented by free citizens such as propertied farmers and artisans who could afford the weapons and armors. Hoplites were primarily armed with shields and spears and often utilized the phalanx formation as an effective war strategy especially when battling with fewer soldiers.
The illustration below shows an example of a phalanx formation (Source: http://www.ancientgreekbattles.net/Pics/669505_PhalArgos.jpg).
