Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?a. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules
and does not smoke on the playground.b. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.c. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.d. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens.
c. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
Explanation:
Indirect reinforcement occurs by observing other people's behaviors and their consequences. The results observed in the behavior of others can modify our behavior in the same way as the results obtained from direct experience. We can see an example of indirect reinforcement, where Babs saw Martin get a candy bar for completing his reading list. This has influenced Babs's behavior, making her want to complete her reading list because she saw Martin receive a reward for doing so.
Taxes are necessary because they pay for things that most individuals could not possibly purchase for themselves, such as fire protection, schools, roads, etc.
