Traits are inherited trough the parents genes that are passed to the offspring trough both parents reproductive cells, that contain genes in their nucleus.
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If an animal cell is surrounded by fresh water, the water will move within the cell causing the cell to become turgid and eventually will burst.
Therefore the most suitable answer is option D.
The most likely meaning of this world would be c - ancient. This is probably true because when you think about it, when you're talking about an archetype, you're not talking about something dead nor extinct, neither about ruins, but you might be talking about something ancient - and the same goes for archaeology.
B, (layer C is the youngest layer) :)