These defenses are described as nonspecific because they do not target any specific pathogen; rather, they defend against a wide range of potential pathogens.
<h3>Is innate immunity nonspecific resistance?</h3>
The innate immune system provides this kind of nonspecific protection through a number of defense mechanisms, which include physical barriers such as the skin, chemical barriers such as antimicrobial proteins that harm or destroy invaders, and cells that attack foreign cells and body cells harbouring infectious agents.
Thus, they do not target any specific pathogen; rather, they defend against a wide range of potential pathogens.
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In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced. This reduction occurs during the Calvin cycle. The energy for the reduction is gained from Light reaction.
<u>Explanation:</u>
The pigment called Chloroplasts that are present in plants helps them in the conversion of light energy into chemical energy. This pigment contains electrons has higher energy that will be transported in the photosynthesis p[process.
The main source of this process to take place is energy that is obtained from sun. Chlorphylls abosrb the solar energy.The electrons in the chloroplast produces NADPH and ATP. This process is called as the light reactions as the main source of this reaction is light.
The toll-like receptors do NOT directly lyse bound pathogens (Option C). These protein receptors play fundamental roles in the innate immune system.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are single-pass membrane-spanning protein receptors that play fundamental functions in the innate immune system.
TLRs are differentially expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (i.e., macrophages and dendritic cells) in order to recognize evolutionary conserved antigenic domains in different pathogenic microorganisms (e.g. bacteria).
TLRs initiate innate immune responses such as, for example, inflammatory responses, by identifying conserved pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs).
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B. is a long crack, which releases lava, steam, and gases
Explanation:
A fissure is a long crack which releases lava, steam and gases into the environment. Fissures are mostly associated with volcanic bodies.
A volcano is an igneous structure by which lava erupts on the earth surface.
- most volcanoes have fissures through which they release materials into the environment.
- these features are usually permeating cracks into the deeper magmatic body.
- they often times acts as conduit for magma to reach the surface.
- in a volcanic terrain, fissures can provide good clues to the occurrence of an eruption.
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Enzyme activity can be affected by a variety of factors, such as temperature, pH, and concentration. Enzymes work best within specific temperature and pH ranges, and sub-optimal conditions can cause an enzyme to lose its ability to bind to a substrate.
