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3 years ago

What was significant in having the approval of nine states, rather than all 13, to bring the Constitution into being?

Social Studies

1 answer:

KengaRu [80]3 years ago

3 0

Answer:

A unanimous vote of the states was necessary to change the Articles of Confederation.

Explanation:

Ratification is the official way to confirm something, usually by vote. It is the formal validation of a proposed law.

The ratification process started when the Congress turned the Constitution over to the state legislatures for consideration through specially elected state conventions of the people.

As dictated by Article VII, the document would not become binding until it was ratified by nine of the 13 states.

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Write about the Pros of Indian Judiciary system (for a debate)? (urgent pls)

BartSMP [9]

Answer:

The collegium system must not see itself as being above the safeguards and measures for transparency, accountability and demographic representation that apply to India’s pillars of democracy.

In September 2019, Chief Justice of Madras High Court Vijaya Kamlesh Tahilramani resigned after the collegium upheld their decision to transfer her to the high court of Meghalaya (one of the smallest in the country). Justice Tahilramani was the senior-most high-court judge in the country. The members of the bar associations across Tamil Nadu protested against this move and carried “a one-day court boycott.” In addition, in Maharashtra's Latur, about 2,000 lawyers boycotted court proceedings to protest the transfer. The collegium responded by saying that they have “cogent reasons” for the transfer, and will reveal them if required.

At the heart of this controversy is the functioning of the collegium system, which makes decisions about appointments and transfers in the higher judiciary. In February 2020, former Supreme Court judge and member of the collegium from 2018–2019, Arjan Kumar Sikri, said that far from a “scientific study” about candidates, “most times, we [the collegium] go by “our impression” when appointing judges [to high courts and the Supreme Court].”

The collegium system is headed by the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court. India’s Constitution originally stipulated that the judges of the Supreme Court and high courts would be appointed by the President based on a process of “consultation” with senior judges. The present collegium system emerged later based on three key rulings. In 1981, the “First Judges Case” ruled that the process of consultation with the CJI and other judges did not require a consensus about recommendations. Essentially, the ruling gave the central government “primacy in judicial appointments.” In 1993, the “Second Judges Case” overturned this decision and introduced the collegium system, arguing that “consultation” required “concurrence.” Specifically, the ruling said that the process of appointing judges would be based on “an institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges in the Supreme Court” and the CJI. In 1998, the “Third Judges Case” ruled that the collegium would be a five-member body, establishing the system that is most similar to the one currently being followed.

This reading list details how the current system can be reformed.

Opaque and Unaccountable System

C Raj Kumar writes that the lack of information about the appointment of judges, including the criteria based on which the judges make their choice, is “the most persuasive criticism of the collegium system.”

Without a transparent process of the appointment of judges, the collegium system will not have the credibility and the legitimacy for it to be accepted by all stakeholders within the legal system. Transparency will not be established merely by stating that the members of the collegium will act in a transparent manner. It will have to be demonstrated by the process that the judiciary adopts in the selection of judges.

The lack of transparency and the absence of formal criteria have multiple worrying implications. Presently, there is no structured process to investigate if a judge who is recommended by the collegium has any conflict of interests. This is important in the context where the

… collegium has been fraught with serious allegations of different types of alleged conflict of interest among the members of the collegium and the individuals they have selected to become judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court. There is an urgent need for the collegium to formulate a detailed set of rules and regulations that will govern the determination of conflict of interest among the members of the collegium who are involved in the selection of judges.

Social Background of Judges

Alok Prasanna Kumar identifies that the collegium system prefers practising lawyers rather than appointing and promoting “judges of the subordinate judiciary,” which often comprises a diverse pool of candidates.

7 0

3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

Rank the following from highest to lowest on the interest rates they offer to consumers on savings accounts.(Traditional, Credit

s344n2d4d5 [400]

The rank from the highest to lowest interest rates they offer to consumers on saving accounts is :
Traditional Banks
Online Banks
Credit Unions

Traditional banks usually goes after the upper middle class and credit unions exist to provide helps to the lower middle class

hope this helps

8 0

3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

One effect of the bracero program was that mexican workers could do what

zvonat [6]

From 1942 to 1947, only a relatively small number of braceros were admitted, accounting for less than 10 percent of U.S hired workers. Yet both U.S and Mexican employers became heavily dependent on braceros for willing workers; bribery was a common way to get a contract during this time. Consequently, several years of short-term agreement led to an increase in undocumented immigration and a growing preference for operating outside of the parameters set by the program. Moreover, Truman's Commission on Migratory Labor in 1951 disclosed that the presence of Mexican workers depressed the income of American farmers, even as the U.S Department of State urged a new bracero program to counter the popularity of communism in Mexico. Furthermore, it was seen as a way for Mexico to be involved in the Allied armed forces. The first braceros were admitted on September 27, 1942, for the sugar-beet harvest season. From 1948 to 1964, the US imported on average 200,000 braceros per year.

4 0

3 years ago

__________ provide ideals of beliefs about behavior but do not state explicitly how we should behave; __________ are established

sergeinik [125]

Answer:

The correct answer to the following question will be "Values and Norms".

Explanation:

General values are ideals that determine what is right and what is wrong. Norms are laws and obligation which define how people in different social circumstances should and shouldn't act.
Norms are set guidelines of conduct and behavior guidelines, while values include principles or expectations about actions, but don't specifically state how to conduct ourselves.

Therefore, this will be the right answer.

8 0

3 years ago

Scientists inoculated a bacterial species to the medium. The bacterial population showed a rapidly growth due to the unlimited r

lidiya [134]

Answer:

Exponential growth

Explanation:

Exponential growth (sometimes called the log phase) is a type of population growth where bacteria are regularly doubling, uninhibited by any limitations such as nutrient availability. During exponential growth, the population will double at each interval of time, and therefore the rate of increase doubles at each interval.

Exponential growth is only part of the life of a bacterial population. Eventually, space/nutrient availability will drop and the waste products will rise, and the growth of the population will cease.

8 0

3 years ago