Answer:
The fist option!
Explanation:
The energy investment phase of glycolysis involves the investment of two ATP molecules and results in the formation of two molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate. Two molecules of NADH + H+ are produced. This is an example of a coupled reaction.
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Reflecting telescopes
Telescopes that use lenses are called refracting telescopes. The other type uses mirrors to focus the light of the image. These telescopes are called reflecting telescopes. Refracting telescopes use lenses to bend the light to a specific focal point such that the object will be magnified to the viewer.
light microscope
Optical instruments are based on optics. They use mirrors and lenses to reflect and refract light and form images. The light microscope and telescope use convex lenses and mirrors to make enlarged images of very tiny or distant objects. A camera uses a convex lens to make a reduced image of an object.
Refracting telescopes use lenses to focus the light, and reflecting telescopes use mirrors. I'll talk first about refracting ones. Refracting telescopes work by using two lenses to focus the light and make it look like the object is closer to you than it really is. Both lenses are in a shape that's called 'convex'.
the reflector telescope uses a mirror to gather and focus light. All celestial objects (including those in our solar system) are so far away that all of the light rays coming from them reach the Earth as parallel rays. Because the light rays are parallel to each other, the reflector telescope's mirror has a parabolic shape. The parabolic-shaped mirror focusses the parallel lights rays to a single point. All modern research telescopes and large amateur ones are of the reflector type because of its advantages over the refractor telescope.
Advantages
Reflector telescopes do not suffer from chromatic aberration because all wavelengths will reflect off the mirror in the same way.
Support for the objective mirror is all along the back side so they can be made very BIG!
Reflector telescopes are cheaper to make than refractors of the same size.
Because light is reflecting off the objective, rather than passing through it, only one side of the reflector telescope's objective needs to be perfect.
Disadvantages
It is easy to get the optics out of alignment.
A reflector telescope's tube is open to the outside and the optics need frequent cleaning.
Often a secondary mirror is used to redirect the light into a more convenient viewing spot. The secondary mirror and its supports can produce diffraction effects: bright objects have spikes (the ``christmas star effect'').
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Carbon dioxide (CO²) is taken in to start the Calvin Cycle.
Answer:Recall that the glycolytic pathway generates NADH in the cytosol in the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, and NAD+ must be regenerated for glycolysis to continue. How is cytosolic NADH reoxidized under aerobic conditions? NADH cannot simply pass into mitochondria for oxidation by the respiratory chain, because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD+. The solution is that electrons from NADH, rather than NADH itself, are carried across the mitochondrial membrane. One of several means of introducing electrons from NADH into the electron transport chain is the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle (Figure 18.37). The first step in this shuttle is the transfer of a pair of electrons from NADH to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a glycolytic intermediate, to form glycerol 3-phosphate.This reaction is catalyzed by a glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the cytosol. Glycerol 3-phosphate is reoxidized to dihydroxyacetone phosphate on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane by a membrane-bound isozyme of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. An electron pair from glycerol 3-phosphate is transferred to a FAD prosthetic group in this enzyme to form FADH2. This reaction also regenerates dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Explanation:
