Answer:
The correct insulin pathway is described as under:
2. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor
8. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins
6. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)
4. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3
7. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)
5. Glut4 receptors transported to the cell membrane
Explanation:
The insulin signaling pathway is described as under:
RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) which is a receptor for insulin is an extracellular receptor but in contrast to other cell surface receptors it is catalytic in nature. In the absence of insulin (ligand), it is monomeric but as soon as it gets activated (activation occurs upon ligand binding), it undergo dimerization. It leads to auto-phosphorylation in it's tyrosine residue which subsequently leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of other receptors. Such hyper-phosphorylated receptor have high affinity with enzyme/molecule like IRS protein which have SH2 domain . IRS down stream activates phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K). This enzyme converts component of animal cell membrane PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 also remains membrane bound but it has the potential to phosphorylate another enzyme named as PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1). Further, PDK1 leads to the activation of Akt or PK-B. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase which ultimately leads to the recruitment of Glut4 receptors on cell membrane for uptake of more and more glucose into the cell.
Note: Apart from this Akt also phosphorylates another protein named as FOXO which ultimately causes cell growth, Akt can also phosphorylate BAD protein so as to restrict cell apoptosis or we can say it leads to cell survival, Akt also leads to translation in a cell with the help of mTOR raptor etc.
Salivary amylase will be active for only an hour or so because the optimum pH for activity of amylase is about 6.7–7.0 which is available in the mouth but the pH of the stomach is acidic around 1-2 due to which the amylase enzyme becomes inactive in short-time.
The lingual lipase enzyme is present in the saliva but isn't active until reaching the stomach because this enzyme is acid stable and works efficiently in the stomach, not in the mouth.
Amylase enzyme is secreted in the mouth and is responsible for the breakdown of starch in food into sugars and it starts acting as soon as we put food in the mouth whereas Lingual lipase enzyme is secreted along with saliva but it is not active in the mouth rather its activity starts in the stomach which is responsible for the degradation of triacylglycerol molecules.
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Answer:
I don't know
Explanation:
wait is this like for an assignment or sum?
Answer:
The definition of biodiversity refers to the amount of diversity between different plants, animals and other species in a given habitat at a particular time. The different varieties and types of animals and plants that live in the ocean is an example of biodiversity.
Explanation:
Answer:
It would be the cell theory
