Complete question:
1). Determine the character states for the following six characters that are present in species OG, 5, 7, 15, 17, 18. Assign the character state found in the outgroup (OG) as a 0 and the alternative derived state a 1; use only two states per character. Example, stem width: 0 = thin, / = thick 1 <em>(Characters and plant species image in the attached files)</em>
2). Score each taxon using the 0 and 1 notation about and add to this matrix <em>(Matrix in the attached files)</em>
4). Reconstruct the phylogeny that most simply and accurately accounts for the distribution of synapomorphies among ingroup species. Given matrices as small and simple as the above example, one can build the tree from the bottom up in a series of sketches, adding clades or branches representing groups with the fewest synapomorphies near the base of the tree and those with the most at the tips. Using the unlabeled phylogeny as a starting point, draw the stepwise construction of a fully resolved phylogeny to account for all of the synapomorphies and include the synapomorphies that identify each clade (the first one, character 2, is included to get you started; this is shared by all members of the ingroup) (<em>Tree in the attached files)</em>
Answer:
- Stem width: Thick-1 // Thin-0
- Leaf edge (shape): Pointed-1 // Blunt-0
- Flower base (shape): Narrow-0 // Wide-1
- Flower orientation: Downward (Pendant)-1 // Upward (Vertical)-0
- Petal color: Purple-1 // Yellow-0
- Fruit shape (inset on card, on left): Round-0 // Elongated-1
- Complete Matrix in the attached files
- Order in the phylogeny reconstruction: OG --> 7 --> 5 --> 15 --> 17 and 18 (tree + evolutive changes in the attached files)
Explanation:
<em>NOTE: You will find the complete activity in the attached files. </em>
- The principle of maximum parsimony or maximum simplicity states that among all possible trees within a group of species, the most probable is the one that requires us to postulate the least number of evolutionary changes. So, to reconstruct a phylogeny we need to choose the tree that requires the less number of changes.
- To determine the character states for all the six characters, we assigned the number cero to all the characters expressed in the out-group. Thin steam, blunt leaf, narrow flower base, upward flower orientation, yellow petals, and rounded-seeds are all cero states. The other characters are 1.
- The above information of character state was used to fill in the matrix, specifying which character state belongs to each species according to their traits.
- The matrix was useful to reconstruct the phylogeny, to identify the autapomorphic trait, and to visualize all the clades.
An organic compound consists of carbon...
Answer:
C. 3 types
- cardiac, smooth and skeletal tissue
Answer:
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Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
Molecular biology has enabled the identification of the mechanisms whereby inactive myostatin increases skeletal muscle growth in double-muscled (DM) animals. Myostatin is a secreted growth differentiation factor belonging to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. Mutations make the myostatin gene inactive, resulting in muscle hypertrophy. The relationship between the different characteristics of DM cattle are defined with possible consequences for livestock husbandry. The extremely high carcass yield of DM animals coincides with a reduction in the size of most vital organs. As a consequence, DM animals may be more susceptible to respiratory disease, urolithiasis, lameness, nutritional stress, heat stress and dystocia, resulting in a lower robustness. Their feed intake capacity is reduced, necessitating a diet with a greater nutrient density. The modified myofiber type is responsible for a lower capillary density, and it induces a more glycolytic metabolism. There are associated changes for the living animal and post-mortem metabolism alterations, requiring appropriate slaughter conditions to maintain a high meat quality. Intramuscular fat content is low, and it is characterized by more unsaturated fatty acids, providing healthier meat for the consumer. It may not always be easy to find a balance between the different disciplines underlying the livestock husbandry of DM animals to realize a good performance and health and meat quality.