Bacteria is different in many ways. One of the differences, is that bacteria DOES NOT have a nucleus and other membrane organelles. However, bacteria does have a pili, flagella, and most have a cell capsule, unlike animals.
The most deadly illness the pioneers have faced was Oregon Trail, it was spread by for hunting food, picking berries, and most of all this terrible game kids used to play that made them realize the Oregon Trail was real. It also lead up to bad fever, cholera, and dysentery.
This is the main reason of the deadly illness pioneers had.
Hope this helps you :)
the answer to your question is a) they had advanced planning and developed effective military methods.