10^{-8} mutations per nucleotide. If there are 100 million nucleotides per haploid genome, there are 200 million nucletides per diploid genome. Six mutations divided by 200 million is 10^{-8}.
Following fertilization, the single-celled zygote undergoes cleavage, where it is then divided into numerous tiny cells. After 3 to 4 days of fertilization, the cleavage produces a 16 celled embryonic stage known as morula, which is contained within the zona pellucida.
After about 4-5 days of fertilization, cleavage produces a sphere mass of cells known as blastomeres, which is covered by a layer known as trophoblast and has a fluid-filled cavity in the center, known as blastocoel. The blastomeres then migrate inward, changing position and undergoing rearrangements. This is known as gastrulation.
Gastrulation then causes the development of three germ layers: ectoderma, endoderma, and mesoderma. The interaction of cells and the rearrangement of tissues and organs occurs only after the formation of germ layers.
Answer:
El ciclo lítico implica la reproducción de virus utilizando una célula huésped para fabricar más virus; luego, los virus salen de la célula. El ciclo lisogénico implica la incorporación del genoma viral al genoma de la célula huésped, infectándolo desde dentro.
Explanation:
Answer: The lungs are well supplied with blood due to lots of capillaries covering the alveoli, constantly maintaining a large diffusion gradient, air is able to pass easily down this gradient due to the alveoli having very thin walls (one cell thick).
or
The alveoli are adapted to make gas exchange in lungs happen easily and efficiently. Here are some features of the alveoli that allow this: they give the lungs a really big surface area. they have moist, thin walls (just one cell thick)
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Explanation:
About 29 percent of the solar energy that arrives at the top of the atmosphere is reflected back to space by clouds, atmospheric particles, or bright ground surfaces like sea ice and snow. This energy plays no role in Earth's climate system
