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Answer:
He defeated a Muslim invasion from Spain
Explanation:
By 700, a majordomo was the most powerful person in the Frankish Kingdom .From 719 this position was in the hands Charles Martel, who become the important person in the country .In the battle of Poitiers (near Tours) in 732 he defeated Arabs, and after the battle he was called Charles the Hammer and Christian Hero.
The main arguments of the reformers come from a free and personal interpretation of the Bible.
The Protestants noticed the excesses of Catholic traditions. Martin Luther (1483-1546) in Germany and Jean Calvin (1509-1564) in France rejected the authority of the Church, which defines itself as the sole interpreter of the divine faith.
The pillars of Protestantism are expressed by the solae:
- The Bible is the supreme authority.
- Salvation is obtained by faith alone
Salvation is not the result of effort or merit.
- Jesus is the only mediator between men and God (rejection of papal authority)
- God is the only one to worship.
Luther found among some German princes support and protection to divulge his ideas. They also harbored grudges against the pope and the high clergy. Luther undertook to translate the Bible into German and the Reformation spread among the German principalities.
In England, Henry VIII proclaims himself "Supreme Head of the Church and Clergy" and breaks all diplomatic relations with Rome. In this situation of weakness of the Catholic Church, the Reform is spreading in Europe
The invention of printing by Gutenberg in 1450 allowed the transmission of new ideas and knowledge not only among scholars, but also among traders and artisans. Printing is the vector that will allow the exchange of new ideas.
The correct answer is C. Beat writers
Explanation:
The term "counterculture" is used to refer to cultures with opposite rules, values, norms, etc. to the main culture. This term was adopted during the 20th century to describe multiple movements that did not follow the general culture. This included movements such as the Hippie movement and the Counter culture of the 60s that were widely influenced by the Beat Generation or Beat Writers that were a group of writers whose narrative and themes were against the established style. Indeed, the Beat writers focused on rejecting the war, and exploring sexuality, drugs, and the human condition; these ideas influenced multiple counterculture of the 20th century such as the counterculture of the 60s, the hippie movement, and the anti-war movement. Thus, one of the origins of the counterculture ideas came from the Beat writers.
The main idea of Toussaint L'Ouverture in this passage is that after being the first black republic carried out by slaves successfully in the world (Haiti in 1804), the citizens would not allow other countries, such as Great Britain or Spain, to take possession of their land again and get back to the situation and life they lived in slavery.
