Diversity is produced by mutation, it is what causes life to have advantages or disadvantages, and thus allow survival of the fittest to choose which mutation is the best suited for it's environment.
Answer:
The earliest primates are found in the Paleocene epoch. :)
Some plants, like cacti, contain water.
Answer:
If all the trees are dark-colored (without lichens) like the tree on the right, the moth that would most likely survive longest is the dark-colored moth.
Explanation:
This is because of natural selection (which means "A process in which individual organisms or phenotypes that possess favourable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce: the differential survival and reproduction of phenotypes.") The dark-colored moth is best adapted to its surroundings compared to the light-colored moth, and it will survive the longest (of the two) according to this definition of natural selection.
Hope this helps :)
You should move this question to Mathematics instead. Or at least physics.
