Answer:
a.Costs initially go down and then go up.
Explanation:
The average total cost curve of an enterprise consists of the sum of the fixed cost curve and the variable cost curve. Fixed costs are those that cannot be eliminated in the short term, such as the utility bill. Varied costs are those that can be reduced if the company decreases the quantity produced. For example, inputs and labor.
Thus, initially the total cost curve tends to decrease as production increases, as fixed costs are slowly diluted as the production process advances. However, at some point this cost curve tends to increase, because if there is no economy of scale, marginal production will be decreasing, ie, after a certain point of production, each additional production will be more expensive (will require more variable costs ) and this will lead to an inflection in the average cost curve, which will increase further.
Islam spread through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries.
Arab Muslim forces conquered vast territories and built imperial structures over time.
Most of the significant expansion occurred during the reign of the Rashidun from 632 to 661 CE, which was the reign of the first four successors of Muhammad.
The caliphate—a new Islamic political structure—evolved and became more sophisticated during the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates.
The Ghana empire ruled before great empires of Mali and Songhai,
Explanation:
The two empires of the region , along with Ghana were the last great owners of the Saharan Africa before colonialism and had been there for a long time thus.
They were profiting from the trade routes set up in the time of the rule of Mansa Musa
This is the time of the precedence of the Ghana empire in the whole region which then broke up into small pieces and then the great empires of Mali and Songhai sprung up after it.
President Obama it the commander in chief today. Commander in chief = President.
