Answer: zap70, ITAM.
Explanation:
An antigen is any substance that is capable of stimulating an immune response by activating lymphocytes, which are the body’s infection-fighting white blood cells. Examples of antigens could be proteins that are part of bacteria or viruses or components of serum and red blood cells from other individuals, all of them are foreign antigens originated outside the body. However, there can also be autoantigens (which are self-antigens), originated within the body. In normal conditions, the body is able to distinguish self from nonself. <u>And the antigens that represent a danger induces an immune response by stimulating the lymphocytes to produce antibody or to attack the antigen directly</u>. This is called an antigenic stimulation of the immune system.
ZAP-70 (Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70) is a protein that is part of the T cell receptor, thereby it plays a critical role in T-cell signaling. When the TCR (receptor of T cells) is activated by the presentation of the specific antigen through the MHC, a protein called Lck acts to phosphorylate the intracellular CD3 chains and the ζ chains of the TCR complex, allowing the binding of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, ZAP-70. Lck then phosphorylates and activates ZAP-70, which in turn phosphorylates another molecule in the signaling cascade called LAT (short for Linker of Activated T cells), a transmembrane protein that serves as an anchor site for several other proteins. The tyrosine phosphorylation cascade initiated by the Lck culminates in the intracellular mobilization of calcium ion (Ca2+) <u>and the activation of important signaling cascades within the lymphocytes.</u> These include the Ras-MEK-ERK pathway, which is based on activating certain transcription factors such as NFAT, NFκB and AP-1. These transcription factors regulate the production of of certain gene products, most notably cytokines such as interleukin-2 that promote the long-term proliferation and differentiation of activated lymphocytes.
The ITAM motifs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) are sequences of four amino acids present in the intracellular tails of certain proteins that serve as receptors within the immune system. Thus, <u>some receptors such as the TCR have ITAM sequences that, when activated, trigger an intracellular reaction based on consecutive phosphorylations</u>. Kinases are recruited for this purpose.
So, ZAP-70 is a protein tyrosine kinase with a role in T-cell receptor signal transduction. During T-cell activation, ZAP-70 binds to ITAM and becomes tyrosine phosphorylated. The binding of ZAP-70 to the phosphorylated ITAM is able to activate its kinase activity, <u>and relieves the inhibition of the transcription factor which regulates genes that are involved in the immune reaction</u>.
Jack. A signpost is a non-living thing and non living things do not grow. Sam is an adult and he has stopped growing already. Jack is a child and will continue growing the next few years.
one reason for the decline inthe population of marine iguqnes is that invasive speciesnare preying upon themvand there eggs hope this helps
Answer:
The correct option is A. Inside of cell has more salt
Explanation:
When there will be more solute inside the cell than outside of the cell, then a concentration gradient will develop due to this uneven distribution. Water will move inside of the cell through a process known as osmosis. As the water molecules are moving along the concentration gradient, no energy will be used during this process.
The mechanism of osmosis is very essential in maintaining the turgidity of a cell.
I believe A) would be the most correct answer in this case. However, the most significant difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, while the latter does NOT.
B) is incorrect because prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Think bacteria and other microorganisms.
C) is incorrect because, well, energy is…
D) False, a non-living microorganism would be considered a prion or virus before prokaryote.
E) Many prokaryotic cells actually contain flagellum or cilia for transport.
Let me know if you have other questions — good luck.
