In photosynthesis, the movement of protons from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen is proton gradient and is coupled to<u> transfer of </u><u>protons</u>.
Protons are transported across the thylakoid membrane and into the lumen through the electron transport chain (the space inside the thylakoid disk). Protons are simultaneously removed from the stroma by reduction of NADPH and added to the lumen via water splitting (the space outside the thylakoids). Protons are pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen as a result of the electron passing through the first link in the electron transport chain. A fourth protein complex in the thylakoid membrane, ATP synthase, then uses the energy stored in this proton gradient to produce ATP. This protein complex, like the mitochondrial enzyme, links proton flow back across the membrane to the creation of ATP.
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Answer:
The hydrosphere
Explanation:
The atmosphere interacts with the hydrosphere to redistribute water over the surface of Earth.
Bathing, cleaning, washing clothes, watering plants, washing vehicles
Answer:
The organisms have a common ancestor
Explanation:
Homologues structyres conclude that organisms of different species share structures, making them all have some sort of common ancestor
Both asexually and sexually
