Ruling on constitutionality. Every law must pass a constitutional test. Plenty of laws have entered the books without being constitutional--if they never did, scotus wouldn't have job security--if they are challenged and found unconstitutional, that overturns them.
B) due process clause. Gideon was a man inprisoned without being given an attorney. Both cases ruled that suspects have right to counsel.
Washington crossed the Delaware River at McConkey's Ferry in Bucks County Pennsylvania
No new taxes
President Bush snr, had pledged that he would not pursue additional tax, but found himself in the middle of a recession orchestrated by the economic policies of his predecessor. Largely though, this pledge cost him the 1992 re-election bid.