Answer:
Before this the Church told people that Earth was the center of the universe because God favoured Earth and Heaven. When Copernicus' said the sun was at the center it was a radical idea that challenged the Church and essentially got him excommunicated.
Explanation:
There are different level of the federal court system. The lowest level of the federal court system is the the district (or trial) court.
- The Federal cases are known to be simply handled first at the lowest federal level that is the district (or trial) court.
It is after then can the losing parties then appeal their case to the higher courts if they are not satisfied with the ruling to the circuit courts, or U.S. courts of appeals.
There are known to be about 94 U.S. District Courts that exist today. Almost one in every state and they have about contains 2-28 judges.
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The correct answer is negative punishment; extinction
In the negative punishment, the elimination of a reinforcing stimulus occurs contingent to the emission of the response. In operant extinction, there is no reinforcement programmed for a class of responses, so that when issued, these responses do not produce any consequent stimulus. There is no contingency relationship in this case.
In extinction there is no relationship between the response and the removal of the reinforcement, and such removal (or subsequent introduction of the reinforcement) is not controlled by the class of individual responses subjected to the extinction. That is, the reinforcement was not eliminated due to the class of responses, but this same class will not allow it to be presented again. There is simply no reinforcement programmed for this class of responses. In this case, availability of reinforcement and frequency of response are not related to operant extinction.
In negative punishment, on the other hand, the elimination of reinforcement is conditional on the emission of any response, and such elimination can be interrupted if the frequency of that response decreases. In this case, there is a relationship between frequency of response and availability of reinforcement: the lower the frequency of the punished response, the greater the likelihood of reinforcement being available.
Answer: c. A a secondary group becoming a primary group.
Explanation:
The example above signifies a secondary group becoming a primary group. A primary group is a group whereby an individual shows love, support or concern towards others in the group e.g family, church groups etc. The relationships formed here are usually long lasting.
Secondary groups on the other hand are the large groups whereby members typically have impersonal relationships. Since Tristan later became friends with a number of the members and they spent times together, this shows that a secondary group becoming a primary group.