Answer:
Molecular genetic approaches to the study of plant metabolism can be traced back to the isolation of the first cDNA encoding a plant enzyme (Bedbrook et al., 1980), the use of the Agrobacterium Ti plasmid to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells (Hernalsteens et al., 1980) and the establishment of routine plant transformation systems (Bevan, 1984; Horsch et al., 1985). It became possible to express foreign genes in plants and potentially to overexpress plant genes using cDNAs linked to strong promoters, with the aim of modifying metabolism. However, the discovery of the antisense phenomenon of plant gene silencing (van der Krol et al., 1988; Smith et al., 1988), and subsequently co‐suppression (Napoli et al., 1990; van der Krol et al., 1990), provided the most powerful and widely‐used methods for investigating the roles of specific enzymes in metabolism and plant growth. The antisense or co‐supression of gene expression, collectively known as post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), has been particularly versatile and powerful in studies of plant metabolism. With such molecular tools in place, plant metabolism became accessible to investigation and manipulation through genetic modification and dramatic progress was made in subsequent years (Stitt and Sonnewald, 1995; Herbers and Sonnewald, 1996), particularly in studies of solanaceous species (Frommer and Sonnewald, 1995).
Answer:
They reproduce quickly in your body. Many give off chemicals called toxins, which can damage tissue and make you sick.
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Answer:
the Y chromosome is smaller than the X chromosome.
Explanation:
The male has an X and Y sex chromosome which is an exception to the general rule that homologous chromosomes are identical as the Y chromosome is smaller thus enabling it to swim faster than the X chromosome. The Y chromosome also has a longer lifespan compared to the X chromosome. The male genotypes is XY. Males are heterogametic as they produce two types of gametes, one carrying the X and the other carrying a Y chromosome.
Answer:
a through reproduction of the host cell
Explanation:
Answer:
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Explanation: i just need points
