Answer:
- First outgroup → Ray-Finned Fishes
- Second outgroup → Sharks
Explanation:
The outgroup is the most distant taxonomic group that shares no traits or characters with the lineages of interest, which compose the ingroup. You can compare the outgroup with the ingroup to determine the evolutive relationship and which characters are primitive or derived.
Even though the outgroup shares a common ancestor with the ingroup, this is placed far away in evolution, making the outgroup to be the taxonomic group less related to the other lineages. The lineages in the ingroup share another common ancestor that is more recent in history.
To select the outgroup, you need to focus on what you are interested in. There might be several outgroups, but you should choose the one that is more related or closer to the ingroups. This selection is important because you need to make comparisons to understand the evolution of specific traits.
In the exposed example, we need to focus on animals that have four limbs. Then, we might assume that the ingroup is composed of Amphibians Crocodiles Dinosaurs. Sharks and Ray-Finned Fish do not have four limbs, so they might be considered outgroups.
From these two outgroups, sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton, while Ray-Finned Fishes have a bony skeleton. This fact makes ray-finned fishes more related to the ingroup than the sharks. So,
- First outgroup → Ray-Finned Fishes
- Second outgroup → Sharks
Phototropism is when a plant moves towards the sun. Geotropism deals with gravity. It is the turning or growth movement by a plant in response to gravity. This helps the plants roots go deeper ir grow in different directions to find water.
Answer:
C. parvum takes energy from glucose which is present in the digestive tract after the process of glycolysis.
Lactate dehydrogenase which is responsible for the conversion of lactate into pyruvate molecule.
Explanation:
C. parvum is a protozoa that lives as a parasite in the digestive tract of animals. They take nutrients from the cell which are present in the form of glucose. C. parvum uses a specific type of enzyme i. e. lactate dehydrogenase which is responsible for the conversion of lactate into pyruvate and also helps in the production of ATP through glycolysis process. In this process, the glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, two molecules of NADH, and two molecules of water. So C. parvum takes ATP from that way from the host cells.
That process is known as Respiration in which oxygen get exchanged from the carbon dioxide by alveoli...
The desert
Hope this helps! :)
