Mouth—>esophagus—>stomach—>small intestine—> large intestine—> anus—> poop
Cardinal motor features of Parkinson's disease (PD) include bradykinesia, rest tremor, and rigidity, which appear in the early stages of the disease and largely depend on dopaminergic nigrostriatal denervation. Intermediate and advanced PD stages are characterized by motor fluctuations and dyskinesia, which depend on complex mechanisms secondary to severe nigrostriatal loss and to the problems related to oral levodopa absorption, and motor and nonmotor symptoms and signs that are secondary to marked dopaminergic loss and multisystem neurodegeneration with damage to nondopaminergic pathways. Nondopaminergic dysfunction results in motor problems, including posture, balance and gait disturbances, and fatigue, and nonmotor problems, encompassing depression, apathy, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, pain, and autonomic dysfunction. There are a number of symptomatic drugs for PD motor signs, but the pharmacological resources for nonmotor signs and symptoms are limited, and rehabilitation may contribute to their treatment. The present review will focus on classical notions and recent insights into the neuropathology, neuropharmacology, and neurophysiology of motor dysfunction of PD.
Answer:
A. Accumulate keratohyalin granules. B. Cells increase in size, some retain ability to divide. C. Cell membrane thickens. Cells imbedded in lipid matrix. D. Cells within this layer proliferate.
The only one that would make sense not doing is breathing in slowly because you want the medicine to go in quickly to the airways and not get stuck in your mouth.
C. Median toxicity.
Explanation – The frequency of drugs are given based on its toxicity or the side effects in the body. All drugs have certain half-life in which there action is maximum and after that the drug is removed through the urine primarily.
Different people react differently to a drug and hence the doctors prescribe the anti-tablets for the side effects occurring. The drug for cold is prescribed after four hours because its effect gets reduced and has to be removed from the body.
