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Burka [1]
3 years ago
14

An oxygen molecule can easily cross a plasma membrane while sodium (Na+) ions are unable to cross the membrane without assistanc

e. This is largely due to the fact that:
Biology
1 answer:
NemiM [27]3 years ago
3 0

Answer:

The hydrophobic core of the membrane does not allow the charged particles to pass through it.

Explanation:

The inner core of the membrane is made up of hydrophobic fatty acid tails of phospholipids. Due to this, some substances such as large, charged and polar particles cannot cross the membrane. This is why Na+ with a positive charge cross the membrane with the help of transport proteins only. On the other hand, molecular oxygen (O2) has a small structure and does not carry any charge. Therefore, it can cross the membrane without any help of transport proteins.

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Explanation:

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E. coli DNA polymerase III is both highly accurate and highly processive. a) Describe how Pol III avoids the incorporation of im
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Answer/Explanation:

DNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for replicating DNA. It is hugely important that is performs its functions accurately, as if incorrect bases are incorporated this can lead to mutations that disrupt the structure and function of genes. It adds nucleotides in a 5' - 3' direction only.

DNA polymerase III also has high processivity, which means that for every time it binds DNA, it is able to add many bases before it becomes dissociated.

A. DNA polymerase avoids the incorporation of improperly paired nucleotides in two ways:

  • The first way depends on the structure of the enzyme. If the nucleotide that the enzyme is in the process of adding is not complementary to the template, then the nucleotide will not align with the template, and thus it is more inefficient to add. This inefficiency means the nucleotide is more likely to leave the active site before it is added, and DNA polymerase can replace it with the correct nucleotide.
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B. Ribonucleotides are the nucleotides that are incorporated into a growing RNA molecule. They are different from deoxyribonucleotides because of the differences in the sugar backbone (ribose vs deoxyribose). Their incorporation would disrupt the structure and function of the DNA, leading to problems with transcription and replication.

DNA polymerase avoids incorporating these nucleotides primarily because of the structure of the enzyme. Ribonucleotides cannot fit into the active site of DNA polymerase due to what is called a "steric filter" or "steric gate". This gate/filter function is performed by specific amino acid residues which usually have a bulky side chain and thus block the incorporation of the 2'OH of the ribose sugar (which is lacking in the deoxyribose sugar)

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