The biggest changes were in rigging. At first they concentrated on lateen sails, then added a mix of square sails and lateen for deeper penetration into the South Atlantic, with further changes for the much longer route round the Cape. Knowledge of these techniques was protected by forbidding sales of ships to other countries. A third commercial advantage was Portugal's ability to absorb “new Christians” — Jewish merchants and scholars had played a significant role during Muslim rule.
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1.The land would generate great wealth if exploited.
2.Europeans wanted Asian goods, which were difficult to obtain because the Mongol Empire made trade more dangerous. Europeans wanted goods for the opportunity to make a large profit using sea-based trade routes.
3.Portugal set up trade posts throughout Africa, the Indian Ocean, and Southeast Asia. Military posts also supported Portuguese naval bases.
4.Russia expanded by land rather than water (maritime) expansion. Russia gained control over Mongol Khanates and pushed into Siberia in search for fur for trade.
