The noncyclic pathway is a FLOW of electrons from water, to photosystem II, to PHOTOSYSTEM I to NADPH. Energy is released as ELECTRONS move through the first electron transfer chain. This energy pumps HYDROGEN IONS into the thylakoid compartment, and then they power the formation of ATP as they flow back out. Sunlight provides the energy needed to keep this cycle going.

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Luminous energy is trapped by chlorophyll in Photosystem II.
When the pigment molecules absorb light, electrons provided by water molecules get in a higher energy level.
The excited electrons go through the electron transport chain from Photosystem II to a less energetic level in photosystem I.
When the excited electrons leave photosystem II, they are replaced by new electrons extracted from the water molecules.
Luminous energy absorbed move the electrons from the photosystem I to another electron acceptor, from where they get transported again and used to produce NADPH molecules.
When electrons leave Photosystem I, they are replaced by new electrons coming from photosystem II.
When the water molecule breaks down, hydrogen ions remain in the thylakoid lumen, from where they are pumped to the stroma by the ATP synthase.
The released energy is used to produce ATP molecules.
Hydrogen ions go back from the stroma to the thylakoid compartment.

The final products are oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.

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8 0

2 years ago

If you look closely at a bubble in the light, you can see rainbows on the surface. Why does this happen?

Drupady [299]

Because the sun adds light to the clear bubble

7 0

2 years ago

Sexual gratification is obtained from "alarming or offending victims" in ________.

Nitella [24]

Sexual gratification is the act of pleasing or satisfying one's sexual urges or others'. One of its kind is sexual sadism which is a sensual and sexual gratification derived from inflicting pain on a victim or seeing their victim suffer. It is a paraphilic coercive disorder wherein it inflicts continuous harm upon its victim even without the latter's compliance which sometimes lead not only to his/her eventual death but also defacement of his/her body.

6 0

2 years ago

PLS HELP I WILL GIVE BRAINLIST

ra1l [238]

There are four bases found in DNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Adenine forms a base pair with thymine, and cytosine forms a base pair with guanine. There is a one-to-one relationship in these base pairings (Chargaff’s rule), which means that if you know the percentage of any one of them within a given DNA sample, you can calculate the percentages of the other three. In this case, you're given the percentage of guanine, and you want to find out the percentage of adenine.

Since guanine base-pairs with cytosine and since there must be as much cytosine as there is guanine, 41% of the bases in this gene are cytosine as well. That means that adenine and thymine together make up the remaining 18% (100% − 41% G − 41% C) of the base pairs. If there must be an equivalence in the number of thymine and adenine bases per Chargaff's rule, then half of the remaining base pairs must comprise adenine and the other half comprise thymine. Half of 18% is 9%.

Thus, adenine makes up 9% of the bases in this gene.

5 0

2 years ago