Answer:
Since the beginning of life of the first multicellular organisms, the preservation of a physiologic milieu for every cell in the organism has been a critical requirement. A particular range of osmolality of the body fluids is essential for the maintenance of cell volume. In humans the stability of electrolyte concentrations and their resulting osmolality in the body fluids is the consequence of complex interactions between cell membrane functions, hormonal control, thirst, and controlled kidney excretion of fluid and solutes. Knowledge of these mechanisms, of the biochemical principles of osmolality, and of the relevant situations occurring in disease is of importance to every physician. This comprehensive review summarizes the major facts on osmolality, its relation to electrolytes and other solutes, and its relevance in physiology and in disease states with a focus on dialysis-related considerations.
Answer:
The immune system protects the host from pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites). To deal with this array of threats, the immune system has evolved to include a myriad of specialised cell types, communicating molecules and functional responses.
Explanation:
Answer:
paracrine signaling.
Explanation:
Chemical signaling between cells is one of the most important ways that activities of tissues and organs are coordinated. The nervous system is the other major coordinating system in animals, but even here chemical signaling is used between adjacent neurons. The mechanisms involved are described as either being paracrine, autocrine, intracrine, endocrine, neuroendocrine or pheromones. Paracrine signals diffuse locally and act on neighboring cells.
The answer to this would be D: physical components of the environment, such as rocks and sand. The word "biotic" mean all the living organisms within an ecosystem such as plants and animals.
Answer:
option D
Explanation:
how the plant growth will be enhanced, so it seems incorrect.
