We may have a set of data where some of the values are far in distance from the majority of the data. The set of such data are known as an outlier.

For example, give the set of data;

2, 4, 7, 45, 8

45 can be considered as an outlier since the distance of data to all other data is large.

Once an outlier is detected in a set of data, we can do the following to them:

Discard the outlier
Change the value of the outlier with another value within close range
Consider the distribution given

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3 years ago

Let A = {a, b, c}, B = {b, c, d}, and C = {b, c, e}. (a) Find A ∪ (B ∩ C), (A ∪ B) ∩ C, and (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C). (Enter your answe

wariber [46]

Answer:

(a)

$A\ u\ (B\ n\ C) = \{a,b,c\}$

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ C = \{b,c\}$

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ (A\ u\ C) = \{b,c\}$

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ C = (A\ u\ B)\ n\ (A\ u\ C)$

(b)

$A\ n\ (B\ u\ C) = \{b,c\}$

$(A\ n\ B)\ u\ C = \{b,c,e\}$

$(A\ n\ B)\ u\ (A\ n\ C) = \{b,c\}$

$A\ n\ (B\ u\ C) = (A\ n\ B)\ u\ (A\ n\ C)$

(c)

$(A - B) - C = \{a\}$

$A - (B - C) = \{a,b,c\}$

They are not equal

Step-by-step explanation:

Given

$A= \{a,b,c\}$

$B =\{b,c,d\}$

$C = \{b,c,e\}$

Solving (a):

$A\ u\ (B\ n\ C)$

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ C$

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ (A\ u\ C)$

$A\ u\ (B\ n\ C)$

B n C means common elements between B and C;

So:

$B\ n\ C = \{b,c,d\}\ n\ \{b,c,e\}$

$B\ n\ C = \{b,c\}$

So:

$A\ u\ (B\ n\ C) = \{a,b,c\}\ u\ \{b,c\}$

u means union (without repetition)

So:

$A\ u\ (B\ n\ C) = \{a,b,c\}$

Using the illustrations of u and n, we have:

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ C$

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ C = (\{a,b,c\}\ u\ \{b,c,d\})\ n\ C$

Solve the bracket

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ C = (\{a,b,c,d\})\ n\ C$

Substitute the value of set C

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ C = \{a,b,c,d\}\ n\ \{b,c,e\}$

Apply intersection rule

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ C = \{b,c\}$

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ (A\ u\ C)$

In above:

$A\ u\ B = \{a,b,c,d\}$

Solving A u C, we have:

$A\ u\ C = \{a,b,c\}\ u\ \{b,c,e\}$

Apply union rule

$A\ u\ C = \{b,c\}$

So:

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ (A\ u\ C) = \{a,b,c,d\}\ n\ \{b,c\}$

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ (A\ u\ C) = \{b,c\}$

The equal sets

We have:

$A\ u\ (B\ n\ C) = \{a,b,c\}$

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ C = \{b,c\}$

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ (A\ u\ C) = \{b,c\}$

So, the equal sets are:

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ C$ and $(A\ u\ B)\ n\ (A\ u\ C)$

They both equal to $\{b,c\}$

So:

$(A\ u\ B)\ n\ C = (A\ u\ B)\ n\ (A\ u\ C)$

Solving (b):

$A\ n\ (B\ u\ C)$

$(A\ n\ B)\ u\ C$

$(A\ n\ B)\ u\ (A\ n\ C)$

So, we have:

$A\ n\ (B\ u\ C) = \{a,b,c\}\ n\ (\{b,c,d\}\ u\ \{b,c,e\})$

Solve the bracket

$A\ n\ (B\ u\ C) = \{a,b,c\}\ n\ (\{b,c,d,e\})$

Apply intersection rule

$A\ n\ (B\ u\ C) = \{b,c\}$

$(A\ n\ B)\ u\ C = (\{a,b,c\}\ n\ \{b,c,d\})\ u\ \{b,c,e\}$

Solve the bracket

$(A\ n\ B)\ u\ C = \{b,c\}\ u\ \{b,c,e\}$

Apply union rule

$(A\ n\ B)\ u\ C = \{b,c,e\}$

$(A\ n\ B)\ u\ (A\ n\ C) = (\{a,b,c\}\ n\ \{b,c,d\})\ u\ (\{a,b,c\}\ n\ \{b,c,e\})$

Solve each bracket

$(A\ n\ B)\ u\ (A\ n\ C) = \{b,c\}\ u\ \{b,c\}$

Apply union rule

$(A\ n\ B)\ u\ (A\ n\ C) = \{b,c\}$

The equal set

We have:

$A\ n\ (B\ u\ C) = \{b,c\}$

$(A\ n\ B)\ u\ C = \{b,c,e\}$

$(A\ n\ B)\ u\ (A\ n\ C) = \{b,c\}$

So, the equal sets are:

$A\ n\ (B\ u\ C)$ and $(A\ n\ B)\ u\ (A\ n\ C)$

They both equal to $\{b,c\}$

So:

$A\ n\ (B\ u\ C) = (A\ n\ B)\ u\ (A\ n\ C)$

Solving (c):

$(A - B) - C$

$A - (B - C)$

This illustrates difference.

$A - B$ returns the elements in A and not B

Using that illustration, we have:

$(A - B) - C = (\{a,b,c\} - \{b,c,d\}) - \{b,c,e\}$

Solve the bracket

$(A - B) - C = \{a\} - \{b,c,e\}$

$(A - B) - C = \{a\}$

Similarly:

$A - (B - C) = \{a,b,c\} - (\{b,c,d\} - \{b,c,e\})$

$A - (B - C) = \{a,b,c\} - \{d\}$

$A - (B - C) = \{a,b,c\}$

They are not equal

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3 years ago