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Byzantium/Constantinople was conquered in 1451, but the empire continued to decline starting around the 18th or 19th centuries. It officially died in WWI. As for how long it was a major threat to Europe, the empire's prime was the 16th century, under Suleiman the Magnificent.
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Birds of Paradise are birds which are famous for performing a ritualized mating dance.
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<span>A strong sense of community was required from the church-controlled government.</span>
The situation that caused stress on public services offered in American cities during the late 19th century and early 20th century was: Migration from farms to cities.
Migration from farms to cities massively increased the number of population that should be eligible to obtain government benefits in that area destination. This lead to an increase of work load for government workers in that period and caused stress on public services offered by the cities.