It was initiated in the fall of 1939.
Answer: 1) scientific revolution that preceded industrial revolution and which took place in the European Nortwest (science free of religious dogmatism), 2) progressive rational/empiric philosophy of Enlightenment (economic and consequently also political liberalism), 3) free access to raw materials in colonies (Africa, Americas and Asia).
Explanation: Scientic revolution introduced (not completely but almost completely) a mechanistic and materialistic metaphor of the world....so in the 19th century this perspective became predominant (soon after it was an organicist/Darwinian perspective), Enlightenment questioned divine rights of royal power (medieval and ancient idea) and introduced rights of man and consequently idea of society free of all economic and political limitations and then there were vast lands oveseas that could supply necessary material. What makes part of all that is French revolution, first machines and slavery (which abolished during the 19th century).
Answer: the answer is D due to the popes views on the world
By far the most prominent black entrepreneur of the century of was Charles Clinton Spaulding (1874 – 1952), president of North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company in Durham North Carolina. It was the nation's largest black-owned business. That’s my thoughts on it, I could be wrong so check in with others too.