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sladkih [1.3K]
2 years ago
13

Electrons in the outermost energy level are usually involved in chemical reactions which are called ___________________ .

Biology
1 answer:
Elena-2011 [213]2 years ago
7 0

Answer:

Chemical bonding

Explanation:

Outer most shell's electrons are called valence electrons and they are responsible for the formation of chemical bonds either ionic or covalent when atoms react with each other.

Outer most electrons hold immense importance in the type of chemical bonding an atom will go through in the formation of a molecule.

For example, sodium has only one electron in outermost shell so it is very hard for sodium to share electrons and become stable. Therefore, it never goes for covalent bonding but only goes for ionic bonding where it gives off one electron to another atom (say chlorine who has 7 electrons in outermost shell) and in this process sodium chloride is formed and both sodium and chlorine get stable electronic configuration.

Please see picture for better understanding. Therefore, we can say that  Electrons in the outermost energy level are usually involved in chemical reactions which are called chemical bonding or formation of chemical bonds.

Hope it help!


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Which region of the human alimentary tract has both the largest population of bacteria and the greatest species diversity
n200080 [17]

The region of the human alimentary tract that has both the largest population of bacteria and the greatest species diversity is the the colon.

<h3>The normal flora of the alimentary tract</h3>

Normal flora are those microorganisms that resides in a living organism without causing it harm or diseases.

These normal flora become established in different parts of the body from birth such that the normal flora found in the mouth is not the same as the one found in the colon of the alimentary tract.

From research works, the large intestine (colon) is known to contain 100 billion per milliliter of fluid culture.

The massive numbers of bacteria in the large intestine (colon) creates a great special variation in the flora. The streptococci and lactobacilli found in the colon often adhere to cells by means of capsules surrounding the bacteria.

Therefore, the region of the human alimentary tract that has both the largest population of bacteria and the greatest species diversity is the the colon.

Learn more about normal flora here:

brainly.com/question/10641594?source=archive

4 0
1 year ago
Put these steps in the order in which they occur in light-dependent reactions. Electrons are transferred from photosystem II to
Tamiku [17]

Explanation:

  1. Light energy is absorbed and transferred to the reaction center.
  2. A water molecule is split.
  3. Electrons are transferred from photosystem II to photosystem I.
  4. ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Further Explanation:

Photosynthesis is a chemical pathway that’s integral to producing energy in plants and other primary producers. Energy in the form of molecules of glucose is produced from light, water and carbon dioxide while oxygen is released. This occurs in several complex steps, photosynthesis is a rate limited reaction, depends on several factors including carbon dioxide concentration, ambient temperature and light intensity; the energy is retrieved from photons, I.e. particles of light, and water is used as a reducing agent. This occurs in the thykaloids, where pigment molecules like chlorophyll reside.

The chloroplast is a membrane bound organelle found in plants. It contains several invaginations of  a plasma membrane called the thylakoid membrane. This contains chlorophyll pigments, in stacks called granum, while the internal spaces of the organelle are called the lumen. Liquid surrounds the granum, forming the stroma.

During the light reaction:

  • Light is absorbed by pigments in phosystem II (PSII). This energy is transferred among pigments til it gets to the reaction center, and is transferred to P680; this promotes an electron to a higher energy level where it then goes to an acceptor molecule.
  • Water supplies the chlorophyll in plant cell with replacement electrons for the ones removed from photosystem II. Additionally, water (H2O) split by light during photolysis into H+ and OH- acts as a source of oxygen along with functioning as a reducing agent.
  • the electron moves down an electron transport chain (ti PS I)where it experiences continuous energy loss. This energy fuels the pumping of H+ from the stroma to thykaloid, leading to the formation of a gradient. The H+ move along their gradient and cross through ATP synthase, into the the stroma.
  • ATP synthase converts ADP and Pi to the energy storage molecule  ATP.
  • The electron gets to photosystem I where it  goes to pigments at P700. It absorbs light energy, the electron is promoted to a higher energy level, and passed to an electron acceptor. This leaves a space for another electron which is then replaced by one from photosystem II.
  • in the ETC,  the molecule NADP is reduced to NADPH by providing H+ ions. NADP and NADPH are integral to the Calvin cycle where monosaccharides or sugars like glucose are produced after the modification of several molecules.

Learn more about Photosynthesis at brainly.com/question/4216541

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#LearnWithBrainly

5 0
3 years ago
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Answer:

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Explanation:

it has a 1 to 2 level which is acidic because anything lower than 7 is acidic

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Answer:

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Explanation:

because when parallel rays of light pass through a lens are brought together through a lens

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Answer:

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