Simple version:
First, the section with the desirable gene must be identified. Assuming that has already happened, the section of DNA must be excised from the original genome using restriction enzymes, which recognize certain DNA sequences and snip DNA at those sites. DNA ligase is used to "glue" these ends back together. The DNA is inserted into a plasmid (also with restriction enzymes), which would usually contain antibiotic-resistance genes (so they survive in an environment containing the antibiotic, which would also help show if the bacteria have been successfully transformed).
Then comes the actual transformation process. The bacteria to be transformed are mixed with calcium chloride (which causes the bacteria to be more receptive to the plasmids) and then mixed with the plasmids. The bacterial cells are subjected to a heat shock (the solution is heated and rapidly cooled, e.g. by placing the mixture in a hot water bath and quickly transferred to ice) so they will take up the plasmid (since the temperature change makes the membrane more permeable). The bacteria are placed on a growth medium containing the antibiotic they're resistant to. Only those successfully transformed would survive.
Answer:
Ethical issues that arise from modern biotechnologies include the availability and use of privileged information, potential for ecological harm, access to new drugs and treatments, and the idea of interfering with nature. Applications include agriculture and health care.
Lets consider the water drop as being part of the water in a lake. The water droplet evaporates and changes from a liquid state to a vapor state by gaining energy and travels up to the upper atmosphere. In the atmosphere the water droplet once again condenses in the clouds and is stored until it can be precipitated on to the land again in the form of rain or other forms of precipitation.
Answer: A.
Explanation:
Palisade mesophyll cells contain the most amount of chloroplasts with an average of 30–70 chloroplasts per cell so they will be number 2 in the graph.
Spongy mesophyll cells contain less chloroplasts than their palisade counterparts to enable them have a larger surface area for gas diffusion.
The guard cells have the least amount of chloroplasts on average and so will be number 1. on the graph.
