Answer:
increasing extension time
Explanation:
The Polymerase Chain Reaction is a technique widely used in molecular biology laboratories to amplify target DNA regions. The standard steps of a PCR are as follow 1-denaturation, 2-annealing and 3-elongation/extension. These steps are repeated 15-40 times in order to exponentially amplify the linear DNA fragment. It is well known that longer extension times can be used as a strategy to increase the yield of longer PCR products. This is because the extension time depends on the synthesis rate of the DNA polymerase used in PCR technique and the length of the DNA fragment to be amplified.
Heat is a form of energy.
Answer:
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Activated charcoal adsorbs many noxious substances—medical drugs, phytotoxins and poisonous chemicals—onto its surface, preventing their absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
<h3>What is activated charcoal ?</h3>
Activated carbon, sometimes known as activated charcoal, is a type of carbon that is frequently used for a variety of purposes, including the filtration of impurities from water and air. It is treated to have tiny, low-volume holes, which expand the surface area open to chemical reactions or adsorption.
- For some poisonings, activated charcoal is utilised as an emergency therapy. It aids in preventing the body from absorbing the toxin from the stomach. To treat severe poisoning, activated charcoal may occasionally be given in multiple doses.
Learn more about Activated charcoal here:
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Prokaryotic bacteria are surrounded by a cell membrane that contains the transport proteins to regulate the entry and exit of materials through the cell, the cell wall to help maintain cell shape and structure, and the capsule, which aids against drying out and protects bacteria from a host's immune system.
<h3><u>Explanation:</u></h3>
Bacteria are the prokaryotic organisms that are found in every part of Earth. These organisms do have an interesting ultrastructure. The coverings of the bacteria are three in layer. They are
A. The outer capsule.
B. The middle cell wall.
C. The inner cell membrane.
The capsule is the outermost covering of bacteria that is formed of different slimy materials. These materials contains hygroscopic substances which can absorb water from the surroundings even when the water concentration in outside is very very low. This layer of protection outside bacteria help them to protect themselves against drying out at dry conditions.
The middle cell wall is formed of polymers of N acetyl glucosamine and N acetyl muramic acid. This layer is chitin in nature and is strong enough to maintain the shape and size of bacteria irrespective of outer conditions.
The innermost layer of bacteria is cell membrane which is formed of proteins and lipids bilayer and this cell membrane contains different transport for proteins which help in transport of different substances like water and nutrients inside the cell by means of active transport or passive diffusion.
