Answer:
Linkage chromosomes may be defined as the chromosome present at the same chromosomes and has the ability to undergo the process of recombination. The linkage results in the production of recombinant gametes that differ from their parents.
Map distance may be defined as the distance between the two gene on a chromosome. The recombination frequency is equal to the map distance. For example: Gene A and B has the recombination frequency of 10%, this means there map distance is 10 mu.
Biotic or biological limiting factors are things like food, availability of mates, disease, and predators. Abiotic or physical limiting factors are non-living things such as temperature, wind, climate, sunlight, rainfall, soil composition, natural disasters, and pollution.
-It causes them to be more acidic
-It cause them to be warmer
Stem cells are the primal cells which develop from adult body tissues and embryos. These are present in the adult body through out their life. These are also called tissue specific or somatic stem cells. These are more specialised than embryonic stem cells. These stem cells are found in bone marrow, brain, blood and blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin and the liver. Differentiation is the process where an unspecialised cell acquire cellular character which allows it to perform specialised functions. During embryonic stage, the cells of embryo make a number of cell fate decision that result in the decreasing capability eventually producing the specialised cells. Stem cells can divide and produce new cells, Hence they have the potential to be transplanted to the patient to treat medical conditions and disease. They are removed form the embryo where they exist as unspecialised stem cells and they will differentiate into any cell type. Specialised cells include many cells like nerve cells, blood cells, ovum cells etc. These specialised cells help in reproduction, energy metabolism, regeneration, information transfer etc.