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Rus_ich [418]
3 years ago
15

Glutamic acid and valine are two amino acids with different molecular structures. (Glutamic acid is a strongly hydrophilic molec

ule, and the valine is a strongly hydrophobic molecule. This is something you will learn more about in the next activity). Why do you think switching the hemoglobin genes sixth amino acid form the glutamic acid to valine would affect the hemoglobin protein?
Biology
1 answer:
Aleonysh [2.5K]3 years ago
5 0

Answer:

Explanation:

The switch from glutamic acid to valine in position 6 of hemoglobin (HB) forms the basis of sickle cell anemia disease pathology.

Valine is hydrophobic and it's chain is shorter than glutamic acid. The lack of the carboxylic acid and shortness of valine will result in loss of the ionic interactions formed between the glutamic acid's carboxylic group and other amino acids. A hydrophobic cavity will form in the beta sheet of HB due to the short and hydrophobic structure of valine. For these reasons, the HB molecule will be less stable and insoluble in water. The insolubility is thought to be caused by fibril formation between the valine interacting with hydrophobic pocket residues of the adjacent HB molecule.  This would in turn affect binding of oxygen to HB.  

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From a chemical view, how is an amino acid is being recognized by its specific aminoacyl tRNA synthetase?
hammer [34]

During translation, rRNA and tRNA read mRNA in 5´ to 3´ direction. According to the codons being readen, tRNA transfers the correct amino acids to build the polypeptide chain. A codon is a short sequence of three nucleotides that store the genetic information for the aminoacids´ assembly.

Each tRNA has two important sites. One of them that couples with the codon of the mRNA molecule, named anticodon. The other site couples with an amino acid through the action of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthase enzyme. The whole complex, amino acid + enzyme + tRNA is named aminoacyl-tRNA.        

Each tRNA is recognized by a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthase enzyme. The enzyme is also capable of recognizing a specific amino acid. Let us say, for instance, that <em>tRNA is specific for phenylalanine.</em> The molecule is attached to the <em>enzyme that is specific for that tRNA(Phe)</em>. Then, when the enzyme and tRNA(Phe) are together, they get to <em>find phenylalanine</em>. The <em>enzyme links the aminoacid to the RNA</em>. Once the whole complex is formed, the <em>tRNA gets to pair its anticodon with the mRNA codon</em>. This is,

  1. Recognition of enzyme and the specific tRNA(aa) ⇒ aa being aminoacid
  2. Recognition of enzyme and the specific aminoacid
  3. Linkage of the aminoacid to RNA by the enzyme action
  4. Pairing of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon.

Considering that there are twenty amino acids available, there are also twenty complexes of aminoacyl-tRNA, one for each amino acid. Each of the mRNA codons represents one of the 20 amino acids used to build the protein. Each amino acid can be codified by more than one codon. Of the total 64 codons, 61 codify amino acids, and one is a start codon. The left three codons are stopping translation points.

tRNA decodes genetic information from the nucleotidic sequence in the mRNA molecule and allows amino acids to align composing the new protein.  

Once the new peptidic link joins, placing together the new amino acid to the growing peptidic chain, the binding between the amino acid and the tRNA molecule breaks. The tRNA is now free to join another amino acid and repeat the cycle.

In conclusion, a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthase enzyme recognizes a tRNA, which is also specific for a certain amino acid. When together, the enzyme recognizes the amino acid and links it to the RNA. The whole complex is known as aminoacyl-tRNA. Once the tRNA is joined to its amino acid, it gets to pair a codon of mRNA to add that amino acid to the new synthesizing protein.

6 0
2 years ago
During meiosis, the cytokinesis that follows telophase II results in
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2 years ago
Where does the RNA cap go? The tail?
Rufina [12.5K]

Answer:

The post-transcriptional modifications in the mRNA produced as a result of the transcription in eukaryotes provide many advantages to the mRNA.

The two post-transcriptional modifications are the addition of  7-methylguanosine cap at 5' end of mRNA called capping whereas the addition of the poly(Adenyl) tail at 3' end called tailing.

The advantages of capping are:

1. Protection of nascent mRNA from the degradation.

2. Recognition by transcription factors helps in translation.

The advantages of tailing are:

1. Protection of the mRNA from enzymatic degradation in the cytosol.

2. Transcription termination

3. Export of the mRNA from the nucleus  

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Answer:

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Explanation:

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Would an amphibian that lacks lungs and breathes entirely through its skin likely be larger or smaller than an amphibian that ha
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<span>An amphibian that lacks lungs and breathes entirely through its skin would have to be smaller than an amphibian with lungs so that the small oxygen intake correlates with the small surface area of the amphibian. This would then allow it to breath efficiently.</span>
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