Urban growth in the context of structural adjustment, currency devaluations, state retrenchments, and little or no housing provision.• Viewing the state as a 'market enabler' led to theled to the privatisation of utilities and services, and massive decreases in provision;• For individuals, their various needs - affordable commodities, accommodation close to jobs, security, and the possibility of owning property - were<span>simply ignored by the imposition of ill-suited neoliberal 'boot-strap capitalism'.</span>
<span>B. the revival of democratic revolutions, and nationalism</span>
